# Term Prefixes

Xapian itself doesn't put any restrictions on the contents of a term, other than that terms can't be empty, and there's an upper limit on the length (which is backend dependent - chert and glass allow 245 bytes, except that zero bytes count double in this length).

However, Omega and `Xapian::QueryParser` impose some rules to aid interoperability and make it easier to write code that doesn't require excessive configuring. It's probably wise to follow these rules unless you have a good reason not to. Right now you might not intend to use Omega or the QueryParser, not to combine a search with another database. But if you later find you do, it'll be much easier if you're using compatible rules!

The basic idea is that terms won't begin with a capital letter (since they're usually lower-cased and often stemmed), so any term which starts with a capital letter is assumed to have a prefix. For all letters apart from X, this is a single character prefix and these have predefined standard meanings (or are reserved for standard meanings but currently unallocated).

X starts a multi-capital letter user-defined prefix. If you want a prefix for something without a standard prefix, you create your own starting with an X (e.g. XSHOESIZE). The prefix ends with the first non-capital. If the term you're prefixing starts with a capital letter or ":", add a ":" between prefix and term to resolve ambiguity about where the prefix ends and the term begins.

Here's the current allocation list:

A
  Author
B
  Topic (mnemonic: what the document is aBout)
D
  Date (numeric format: YYYYMMDD or "latest" - e.g. D20050224 or Dlatest)
E
  Extension (folded to lowercase - e.g. Ehtml, or E for no extension)
F
  Filename
G
  newsGroup (or similar entity - e.g. a web forum name)
H
  Hostname
I
  boolean filter term for "can see" permission (mnemonic: Include)
J
  Site term (mnemonic: Jumping off point)
K
  Keyword
L
  ISO Language code
M
  Month (numeric format: YYYYMM)
N
  ISO couNtry code (or domaiN name)
O
  Owner
P
  Pathname
Q
  uniQue id
R
  Raw (i.e. unstemmed) term (unused by Xapian since 1.0.0)
S
  Subject (or title)
T
  mimeType
U
  full URL of indexed document - if the resulting term would be > 240 bytes, a hashing scheme is used to prevent overflowing the Xapian term length limit (see omindex for how to do this).
V
  boolean filter term for "can't see" permission (mnemonic: grep -v)
X
  longer prefix for user-defined use
Y
  year (four digits)
Z
  stemmed term

Reserved but currently unallocated: CW

There are two main uses for prefixes - boolean filters and free-text fields.

# Boolean Filters

If the documents being indexed describe objects in a museum, you might have a 'material' field, which records what each object is primarily made of. So a sundial might be 'material=Stone', a letter might be 'material=paper', etc. There's no standard prefix for 'material', so you might allocate `XM`. If you lowercase the field contents, you can avoid having to add a colon to separate the prefix and content, so documents would be indexed by terms such as `XMstone` or `XMpaper`.

If you're indexing using scriptindex, and have a field in the input file such as "material=Stone", and then your index script would have a rule such as:

    material : lower boolean=XM

You can then restrict a search in Omega by passing a B parameter with one of these as the value, e.g. `B=XMstone`

In your HTML search form, you can allow the user to select this using a set of radio buttons:

    Material:<br>
    <input type="radio" name="B" value=""> Any<br>
    <input type="radio" name="B" value="XMpaper"> Paper<br>
    <input type="radio" name="B" value="XMstone"> Stone<br>

If you want to have multiple sets of radio buttons for selecting different boolean filters, you can make use of Omega's preprocessing of CGI parameter names by calling them "B 1", "B 2", etc (names are truncated at the first space - see cgiparams.html for full details).

You can also use a select tag:

    Material:
    <select name="B">
    <option value="">Any</option>
    <option value="XMpaper">Paper</option>
    <option value="XMstone">Stone</option>
    </select>

Or if you want the user to be able to select more than one material to filter by, you can use checkboxes instead of radio buttons:

    Material:<br>
    <input type="checkbox" name="B" value="XMpaper"> Paper<br>
    <input type="checkbox" name="B" value="XMstone"> Stone<br>

Or a multiple select:

    Material:
    <select multiple name="B">
    <option value="XMpaper">Paper</option>
    <option value="XMstone">Stone</option>
    </select>

These will work in the natural way - if no materials are selected, then no filtering by material will happen; if multiple materials are selected, then items made of any of the materials will match (in details, groups of filter terms with the same prefix are combined with `OP_OR`; then these groups are combined with `OP_AND`).

Or perhaps the museum records multiple materials per object - e.g. a clock might be made of brass, glass and wood. This can be handled smoothly too - you can specify multiple material fields to scriptindex:

    material=brass
    material=glass
    material=wood

You may then want multiple filters on material to be mean "find me objects which contain all of these materials" (rather than the default meaning of "find me objects which contain any of these materials") - to do this you want to set `XM` as a non-exclusive prefix, which you do like so (this needs Omega 1.3.4 or later):

    $setmap{nonexclusiveprefix,XM,true}

You can also allow the user to restrict a search with a boolean filter specified in text query (e.g. `material:paper` -> `XMpaper`) by adding this to the start of your OmegaScript template:

    $setmap{boolprefix,material,XM}

Multiple aliases are allowed:

    $setmap{boolprefix,material,XM,madeof,XM}

This decoupling of internal and external names is also useful if you want to offer search frontends in more than one language, as it allows the prefixes the user sees to be translated.

If the user specified multiple filters in the query string, for example material:wood material:paper, then these are combined using similar logic to that used for filters specified by `B` CGI parameters, with terms with the same prefixed combined with `OP_OR` by default, or `OP_AND` specified by `$setmap{nonexclusiveprefix,...}`.

# Free-Text Fields

Say you want to index the title of the document such that the user can search within the title by specifying title:report (for example) in their query.

Title has standard prefix S, so you'd generate terms as normal, but then add an "S" prefix. If you're using scriptindex, then you do this by adding "index=S" to the scriptindex rule like so:

    title : field=title index=S

You then need to tell Xapian::QueryParser that "title:" maps to an "S" prefix. If you're using Omega, then you do so by adding this to your OmegaScript template (at the start is best):

    $setmap{prefix,title,S}

Or if you're writing your own search frontend, like this:

    Xapian::QueryParser qp;
    qp.add_prefix("subject", "S");
    // And similar lines for other free-text prefixes...
    // And any other QueryParser configuration (e.g. stemmer, stopper).
    Xapian::Query query = qp.parse_query(user_query_string);

You can add multiple aliases for a prefix (e.g. title and subject for S), and the decoupling of "UI prefix" and "term prefix" means you can easily translate the "UI prefixes" if you have frontends in different languages.

Note that if you want words from the subject to be found without a prefix, you either need to generate unprefixed terms as well as the prefixed ones, or map the empty prefix to both "" and "S" like so:

    Xapian::QueryParser qp;
    // Search both subject and body if no field is specified:
    qp.add_prefix("", "");
    qp.add_prefix("", "S");
    // Search just the subject if 'subject:' is specified:
    qp.add_prefix("subject", "S");
    Xapian::Query query = qp.parse_query(user_query_string);