Illustration 1.1: Logical overview showing how applications use authentication mechanisms through an abstract interface.
This manual was last updated 12 October 2009 for version 1.3.90 of GNU SASL.
Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Simon Josefsson.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
Appendices
Indices
This manual can be used in several ways. If read from the beginning to the end, it gives the reader an understanding of the SASL framework and the GNU SASL implementation, and how the GNU SASL library is used in an application. Forward references are included where necessary. Later on, the manual can be used as a reference manual to get just the information needed about any particular interface of the library. Experienced programmers might want to start looking at the examples at the end of the manual, and then only read up those parts of the interface which are unclear.
SASL is a framework for application protocols, such as SMTP or IMAP, to add authentication support. For example, SASL is used to prove to the server who you are when you access an IMAP server to read your e-mail.
The SASL framework does not specify the technology used to perform the authentication, that is the responsibility for each SASL mechanism. Popular SASL mechanisms include CRAM-MD5 and GSSAPI (for Kerberos V5).
Typically a SASL negotiation works as follows. First the client requests authentication (possibly implicitly by connecting to the server). The server responds with a list of supported mechanisms. The client chose one of the mechanisms. The client and server then exchange data, one round-trip at a time, until authentication either succeeds or fails. After that, the client and server knows more about who is on the other end of the channel.
For example, in SMTP communication happens like this:
250-mail.example.com Hello pc.example.org [192.168.1.42], pleased to meet you
250-AUTH DIGEST-MD5 CRAM-MD5 LOGIN PLAIN
250 HELP
AUTH CRAM-MD5
334 PDk5MDgwNDEzMDUwNTUyMTE1NDQ5LjBAbG9jYWxob3N0Pg==
amFzIDBkZDRkODZkMDVjNjI4ODRkYzc3OTcwODE4ZGI5MGY3
235 2.0.0 OK Authenticated
Here the first three lines are sent by the server and contains the list of supported mechanisms (DIGEST-MD5, CRAM-MD5, etc). The next line is sent by the client to select the CRAM-MD5 mechanism. The server replies with a challenge, which is a message that can be generated by calling GNU SASL functions. The client replies with a response, which also is a message that can be generated by GNU SASL functions. Depending on the mechanism, there can be more than one round trip, so do not assume all authentication exchanges consists of one message from the server and one from the client. The server accepts the authentication. At that point it knows it is talking to a authenticated client, and the application protocol can continue.
Essentially, your application is responsible for implementing the framing protocol (e.g., SMTP or XMPP) according to the particular specifications. Your application uses GNU SASL to generate the authentication messages.
GNU SASL is an implementation of the Simple Authentication and Security Layer framework and a few common SASL mechanisms.
GNU SASL consists of a library (libgsasl), a command line
utility (gsasl) to access the library from the shell, and a
manual. The library includes support for the framework (with
authentication functions and application data privacy and integrity
functions) and at least partial support for the CRAM-MD5, EXTERNAL,
GSSAPI, ANONYMOUS, PLAIN, SECURID, DIGEST-MD5, SCRAM-SHA-1, LOGIN, and
NTLM mechanisms.
The library is easily ported because it does not do network communication by itself, but rather leaves it up to the calling application. The library is flexible with regards to the authorization infrastructure used, as it utilizes a callback into the application to decide whether a user is authorized or not.
GNU SASL is developed for the GNU/Linux system, but runs on over 20 platforms including most major Unix platforms and Windows, and many kind of devices including iPAQ handhelds and S/390 mainframes.
GNU SASL is written in pure ANSI C89 to be portable to embedded and otherwise limited platforms. The entire library, with full support for ANONYMOUS, EXTERNAL, PLAIN, LOGIN and CRAM-MD5, and the front-end that supports client and server mode, and the IMAP and SMTP protocols, fits in under 80kb on an Intel x86 platform, without any modifications to the code. (This figure was accurate as of version 1.1.)
The design of the library and the intended interaction between applications and the library through the official API is illustrated below.
Illustration 1.1: Logical overview showing how applications use authentication mechanisms through an abstract interface.
GNU SASL might have a couple of advantages over other libraries doing a similar job.
Note that the library does not implement any policy to decide whether a certain user is “authenticated” or “authorized” or not. Rather, it uses a callback into the application to answer these questions.
The GNU SASL library does not have any required external dependencies, but some optional features are enabled if you have a specific external library.
The command-line interface to GNU SASL requires a POSIX or Windows platform for network connectivity. The command-line tool can make use of GnuTLS (http://www.gnutls.org/) to support the STARTTLS modes of IMAP and SMTP, but GnuTLS is not required.
Note that the library does not need a POSIX platform or network connectivity.
GNU SASL has at some point in time been tested on the following platforms. Daily online build reports are available at http://autobuild.josefsson.org/gsasl/.
alphaev67-unknown-linux-gnu, alphaev6-unknown-linux-gnu,
arm-unknown-linux-gnu, hppa-unknown-linux-gnu,
hppa64-unknown-linux-gnu, i686-pc-linux-gnu,
ia64-unknown-linux-gnu, m68k-unknown-linux-gnu,
mips-unknown-linux-gnu, mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu,
powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu, s390-ibm-linux-gnu,
sparc-unknown-linux-gnu.
armv4l-unknown-linux-gnu.
alphaev67-dec-osf5.1,
alphaev68-dec-osf5.1.
alphaev6-unknown-linux-gnu,
alphaev67-unknown-linux-gnu.
ia64-unknown-linux-gnu.
alphaev6-unknown-linux-gnu,
alphaev67-unknown-linux-gnu, ia64-unknown-linux-gnu.
i686-pc-linux-gnu.
i686-pc-linux-gnu.
i686-pc-linux-gnu.
i686-pc-linux-gnu.
mips-sgi-irix6.5.
rs6000-ibm-aix4.3.2.0.
i686-pc-cygwin.
ia64-hp-hpux11.22,
hppa2.0w-hp-hpux11.11.
sparc-sun-solaris2.8.
sparc-sun-solaris2.9.
alpha-unknown-netbsd1.6,
i386-unknown-netbsdelf1.6.
alpha-unknown-openbsd3.1,
i386-unknown-openbsd3.1.
alpha-unknown-freebsd4.7,
i386-unknown-freebsd4.7.
m68k-uclinux-elf.
If you port GNU SASL to a new platform, please report it to the author so this list can be updated.
A mailing list where users may help each other exists, and you can reach it by sending e-mail to help-gsasl@gnu.org. Archives of the mailing list discussions, and an interface to manage subscriptions, is available through the World Wide Web at http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/help-gsasl.
Commercial support is available for users of GNU SASL. The kind of support that can be purchased may include:
If you are interested, please write to:
Simon Josefsson Datakonsult AB Hagagatan 24 113 47 Stockholm Sweden E-mail: simon@josefsson.org
If your company provides support related to GNU SASL and would like to be mentioned here, contact the author (see Bug Reports).
The package can be downloaded from several places, including:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gsasl/
The latest version is stored in a file, e.g., ‘gsasl-1.3.90.tar.gz’ where the ‘1.3.90’ value is the highest version number in the directory.
The package is then extracted, configured and built like many other packages that use Autoconf. For detailed information on configuring and building it, refer to the INSTALL file that is part of the distribution archive.
Here is an example terminal session that downloads, configures, builds and install the package. You will need a few basic tools, such as ‘sh’, ‘make’ and ‘cc’.
$ wget -q ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gsasl/gsasl-1.3.90.tar.gz
$ tar xfz gsasl-1.3.90.tar.gz
$ cd gsasl-1.3.90/
$ ./configure
...
$ make
...
$ make install
...
After that gsasl should be properly installed and ready for use.
A few configure options may be relevant, summarized in the
table.
--disable-client--disable-server--disable-server, the function will return an error code.
--disable-obsolete--disable-anonymous--disable-external--disable-plain--disable-login--disable-securid--disable-ntlm--disable-cram-md5--disable-digest-md5--disable-gssapi--enable-kerberos_v5--disable-scram-sha1--without-stringprepFor the complete list, refer to the output from configure
--help.
There are two ways to build GNU SASL on Windows: via MinGW or via Microsoft Visual Studio.
With MinGW, you can build a GNU SASL DLL and use it from other applications. After installing MinGW (http://mingw.org/) follow the generic installation instructions (see Downloading and Installing). The DLL is installed by default.
For information on how to use the DLL in other applications, see: http://www.mingw.org/mingwfaq.shtml#faq-msvcdll.
You can build GNU SASL as a native Visual Studio C++ project. This allows you to build the code for other platforms that VS supports, such as Windows Mobile. You need Visual Studio 2005 or later.
First download and unpack the archive as described in the generic
installation instructions (see Downloading and Installing). Don't
run ./configure. Instead, start Visual Studio and open the
project file lib/win32/libgsasl.sln inside the GNU SASL
directory. You should be able to build the project using Build
Project.
Output libraries will be written into the lib/win32/lib (or
lib/win32/lib/debug for Debug versions) folder.
Warning! Unless you build GNU SASL linked with libgcrypt, GNU SASL
uses the Windows function CryptGenRandom for generating
cryptographic random data. The function is known to have some
security weaknesses. See http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/419 for
more information. The code will attempt to use the Intel RND crypto
provider if it is installed, see lib/gl/gc-gnulib.c.
If you think you have found a bug in GNU SASL, please investigate it and report it.
Please make an effort to produce a self-contained report, with something definite that can be tested or debugged. Vague queries or piecemeal messages are difficult to act on and don't help the development effort.
If your bug report is good, we will do our best to help you to get a corrected version of the software; if the bug report is poor, we won't do anything about it (apart from asking you to send better bug reports).
If you think something in this manual is unclear, or downright incorrect, or if the language needs to be improved, please also send a note.
Send your bug report to:
If you want to submit a patch for inclusion – from solve a typo you discovered, up to adding support for a new feature – you should submit it as a bug report (see Bug Reports). There are some things that you can do to increase the chances for it to be included in the official package.
Unless your patch is very small (say, under 10 lines) we require that you assign the copyright of your work to the Free Software Foundation. This is to protect the freedom of the project. If you have not already signed papers, we will send you the necessary information when you submit your contribution.
For contributions that doesn't consist of actual programming code, the only guidelines are common sense. Use it.
For code contributions, a number of style guides will help you:
If you normally code using another coding standard, there is no problem, but you should use ‘indent’ to reformat the code (see GNU Indent) before submitting your work.
malloc return NULL,
should work although result in an error code.
To use GNU SASL, you have to perform some changes to your sources and the build system. The necessary changes are small and explained in the following sections. At the end of this chapter, it is described how the library is initialized, and how the requirements of the library are verified.
A faster way to find out how to adapt your application for use with GNU SASL may be to look at the examples at the end of this manual (see Examples).
All interfaces (data types and functions) of the library are defined
in the header file gsasl.h. You must include this in all
programs using the library, either directly or through some other
header file, like this:
#include <gsasl.h>
The name space is gsasl_* for function names, Gsasl* for
data types and GSASL_* for other symbols. In addition the same
name prefixes with one prepended underscore are reserved for internal
use and should never be used by an application.
The library must be initialized before it can be used. The library is
initialized by calling gsasl_init (see Global Functions).
The resources allocated by the initialization process can be released
if the application no longer has a need to call `Libgsasl' functions,
this is done by calling gsasl_done. For example:
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
...
rc = gsasl_init (&ctx);
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("SASL initialization failure (%d): %s\n",
rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
...
In order to make error messages from gsasl_strerror be
translated (see Top) the application must
set the current locale using setlocale before calling
gsasl_init. For example:
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
...
setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
...
rc = gsasl_init (&ctx);
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf (gettext ("SASL initialization failure (%d): %s\n"),
rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
...
In order to take advantage of the secure memory features in Libgcrypt1, you need to initialize secure memory in your application, and for some platforms even make your application setuid root. See the Libgcrypt documentation for more information. Here is example code to initialize secure memory in your code:
#include <gcrypt.h>
...
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
...
/* Check version of libgcrypt. */
if (!gcry_check_version (GCRYPT_VERSION))
die ("version mismatch\n");
/* Allocate a pool of 16k secure memory. This also drops priviliges
on some systems. */
gcry_control (GCRYCTL_INIT_SECMEM, 16384, 0);
/* Tell Libgcrypt that initialization has completed. */
gcry_control (GCRYCTL_INITIALIZATION_FINISHED, 0);
...
rc = gsasl_init (&ctx);
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("SASL initialization failure (%d): %s\n",
rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
...
If you do not do this, keying material will not be allocated in secure memory (which, for most applications, is not the biggest secure problem anyway). Note that the GNU SASL Library has not been audited to make sure it stores passwords or keys in secure memory.
It is often desirable to check that the version of the library used is indeed one which fits all requirements. Even with binary compatibility, new features may have been introduced but, due to problem with the dynamic linker, an old version may actually be used. So you may want to check that the version is okay right after program startup.
req_version: version string to compare with, or
NULL.Check GNU SASL Library version.
See
GSASL_VERSIONfor a suitablereq_versionstring.This function is one of few in the library that can be used without a successful call to
gsasl_init().Return value: Check that the version of the library is at minimum the one given as a string in
req_versionand return the actual version string of the library; returnNULLif the condition is not met. IfNULLis passed to this function no check is done and only the version string is returned.
The normal way to use the function is to put something similar to the
following early in your main:
if (!gsasl_check_version (GSASL_VERSION))
{
printf ("gsasl_check_version failed:\n"
"Header file incompatible with shared library.\n");
exit(1);
}
If you want to compile a source file including the gsasl.h header file, you must make sure that the compiler can find it in the directory hierarchy. This is accomplished by adding the path to the directory in which the header file is located to the compilers include file search path (via the -I option).
However, the path to the include file is determined at the time the source is configured. To solve this problem, the library uses the external package pkg-config that knows the path to the include file and other configuration options. The options that need to be added to the compiler invocation at compile time are output by the --cflags option to pkg-config libgsasl. The following example shows how it can be used at the command line:
gcc -c foo.c `pkg-config libgsasl --cflags`
Adding the output of ‘pkg-config libgsasl --cflags’ to the compiler command line will ensure that the compiler can find the gsasl.h header file.
A similar problem occurs when linking the program with the library. Again, the compiler has to find the library files. For this to work, the path to the library files has to be added to the library search path (via the -L option). For this, the option --libs to pkg-config libgsasl can be used. For convenience, this option also outputs all other options that are required to link the program with the library (for instance, the ‘-lidn’ option). The example shows how to link foo.o with the library to a program foo.
gcc -o foo foo.o `pkg-config libgsasl --libs`
Of course you can also combine both examples to a single command by specifying both options to pkg-config:
gcc -o foo foo.c `pkg-config libgsasl --cflags --libs`
If you work on a project that uses Autoconf (see GNU Autoconf) to help find installed libraries, the suggestions in the previous section are not the entire story. There are a few methods to detect and incorporate the GNU SASL Library into your Autoconf based package. The preferred approach, is to use Libtool in your project, and use the normal Autoconf header file and library tests.
If your audience is a typical GNU/Linux desktop, you can often assume they have the ‘pkg-config’ tool installed, in which you can use its Autoconf M4 macro to find and set up your package for use with Libgsasl. The following example illustrates this scenario.
AC_ARG_ENABLE(gsasl,
AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-gsasl], [don't use GNU SASL]),
gsasl=$enableval)
if test "$gsal" != "no" ; then
PKG_CHECK_MODULES(GSASL, libgsasl >= 1.3.90,
[gsasl=yes],
[gsasl=no])
if test "$gsasl" != "yes" ; then
gsasl=no
AC_MSG_WARN([Cannot find GNU SASL, disabling])
else
gsasl=yes
AC_DEFINE(USE_GSASL, 1, [Define to 1 if you want GNU SASL.])
fi
fi
AC_MSG_CHECKING([if GNU SASL should be used])
AC_MSG_RESULT($gsasl)
If your package uses Libtool (see GNU Libtool), you can use the normal Autoconf tests to find Libgsasl and rely on the Libtool dependency tracking to include the proper dependency libraries (e.g., Libidn). The following example illustrates this scenario.
AC_CHECK_HEADER(gsasl.h,
AC_CHECK_LIB(gsasl, gsasl_check_version,
[gsasl=yes AC_SUBST(GSASL_LIBS, -lgsasl)],
gsasl=no),
gsasl=no)
AC_ARG_ENABLE(gsasl,
AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-gsasl], [don't use GNU SASL]),
gsasl=$enableval)
if test "$gsasl" != "no" ; then
AC_DEFINE(USE_SASL, 1, [Define to 1 if you want GNU SASL.])
else
AC_MSG_WARN([Cannot find GNU SASL, diabling])
fi
AC_MSG_CHECKING([if GNU SASL should be used])
AC_MSG_RESULT($gsasl)
Your application's use of the library can be roughly modeled into the following steps: initialize the library, optionally specify the callback, perform the authentication, and finally clean up. The following image illustrates this.
The third step may look complex, but for a simple client it will actually not involve any code. If your application needs to handle several concurrent clients, or if it is a server that needs to serve many clients simultaneous, things do get a bit more complicated.
For illustration, we will write a simple client. Writing a server
would be similar, the only difference is that, later on, instead of
supplying a username and password, you need to decide whether someone
should be allowed to log in or not. The code for what we have
discussed so far make up the main function in our client
(see Example 1):
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
if ((rc = gsasl_init (&ctx)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize libgsasl (%d): %s",
rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
client (ctx);
gsasl_done (ctx);
return 0;
}
Here, the call to the function client correspond to the third
step in the image above.
For a more complicated application, having several clients running
simultaneous, instead of a simple call to client, it may have
created new threads for each session, and call client within
each thread. The library is thread safe.
An actual authentication session is more complicated than what we have seen so far. These are the steps: decide which mechanism to use, start the session, optionally specify the callback, optionally set any properties, perform the authentication loop, and clean up. Naturally, your application will start to talk its own protocol (e.g., SMTP or IMAP) after these steps have concluded.
The authentication loop is based on sending tokens (typically short messages encoded in base 64) back and forth between the client and server. It continues until authentication succeeds or an error occurs. The format of the data to be transferred, the number of iterations in the loop, and other details are specified by each mechanism. The goal of the library is to isolate your application from the details of all different mechanisms.
Note that the library does not send data to the server itself, but returns it in an buffer. You must send it to the server, following an application protocol profile. For example, the SASL application protocol profile for SMTP is described in RFC 2554.
The following image illustrates the steps we have been talking about.
We will now show the implementation of the client function used
before.
void client (Gsasl *ctx)
{
Gsasl_session *session;
const char *mech = "PLAIN";
int rc;
/* Create new authentication session. */
if ((rc = gsasl_client_start (ctx, mech, &session)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize client (%d): %s\n",
rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* Set username and password in session handle. This info will be
lost when this session is deallocated below. */
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_AUTHID, "jas");
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_PASSWORD, "secret");
/* Do it. */
client_authenticate (session);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_finish (session);
}
This function is responsible for deciding which mechanism to use. In
this case, the ‘PLAIN’ mechanism is hard coded, but you will see
later how this can be made more flexible. The function creates a new
session, then it stores the username and password in the session
handle, then it calls another function client_authenticate to
handle the authentication loop, and finally it cleans up up. Let's
continue with the implementation of client_authenticate.
void client_authenticate (Gsasl_session * session)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
char *p;
int rc;
/* This loop mimics a protocol where the server sends data
first. */
do
{
printf ("Input base64 encoded data from server:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
if (buf[strlen (buf) - 1] == '\n')
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
rc = gsasl_step64 (session, buf, &p);
if (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE || rc == GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Output:\n%s\n", p);
free (p);
}
}
while (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE);
printf ("\n");
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Authentication error (%d): %s\n",
rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* The client is done. Here you would typically check if the
server let the client in. If not, you could try again. */
printf ("If server accepted us, we're done.\n");
}
This last function needs to be discussed in some detail. First, you should be aware that there are two versions of this function, that differ in a subtle way. The version above (see Example 2) is used for application profiles where the server sends data first. For some mechanisms, this may waste a roundtrip, because the server needs input from the client to proceed. Therefor, today the recommended approach is to permit client to send data first (see Example 1). Which version you should use depends on which application protocol you are implementing.
Further, you should realize that it is bad programming style to use a
fixed size buffer. On GNU systems, you may use the getline
functions instead of fgets. However, in practice, there are
few mechanisms that use very large tokens. In typical configurations,
the mechanism with the largest tokens (GSSAPI) can use at least 500
bytes. A fixed buffer size of 8192 bytes may thus be sufficient for
now. But don't say I didn't warn you, when a future mechanism doesn't
work in your application, because of a fixed size buffer.
The function gsasl_step64 (and of course also gasl_step)
returns two non-error return codes. GSASL_OK is used for
success, indicating that the library considers the authentication
finished. That may include a successful server authentication,
depending on the mechanism. You must not let the client continue to
the application protocol part unless you receive GSASL_OK from
these functions. In particular, don't be fooled into believing
authentication were successful if the server replies “OK” but these
functions have failed with an error. The server may have been hacked,
and could be tricking you into sending confidential data, without
having successfully authenticated the server.
The non-error return code GSASL_NEEDS_MORE is used to signal to
your application that you should send the output token to the peer,
and wait for a new token, and do another iteration. If the server
concludes the authentication process, with no data, you should call
gsasl_step64 (or gsasl_step) specifying a zero-length
token.
If the functions (gsasl_step and gsasl_step64) return
any non-error code, the content of the output buffer is undefined.
Otherwise, it is the callers responsibility to deallocate the buffer,
by calling free. Note that in some situations, where the
buffer is empty, NULL is returned as the buffer value. You
should treat this as an empty buffer.
Our earlier code was hard coded to use a specific mechanism. This is
rarely a good idea. Instead, it is recommended to select the best
mechanism available from the list of mechanisms supported by the
server. Note that without TLS or similar, the list may have been
maliciously altered, by an attacker. This means that you should abort
if you cannot find any mechanism that exceeds your minimum security
level. There is a function gsasl_client_suggest_mechanism
(see Global Functions) that will try to pick the “best”
available mechanism from a list of mechanisms. Our simple interactive
example client (see Example 3) includes the following function to
decide which mechanism to use. Note that the code doesn't blindly use
what is returned from gsasl_client_suggest_mechanism, rather it
lets some logic (in this case the user, through an interactive query)
decide which mechanism is acceptable.
const char *client_mechanism (Gsasl *ctx)
{
static char mech[GSASL_MAX_MECHANISM_SIZE + 1] = "";
char mechlist[BUFSIZ] = "";
const char *suggestion;
printf ("Enter list of server supported mechanisms, separate by SPC:\n");
fgets (mechlist, sizeof (mechlist) - 1, stdin);
suggestion = gsasl_client_suggest_mechanism (ctx, mechlist);
if (suggestion)
printf ("Library suggests use of `%s'.\n", suggestion);
printf ("Enter mechanism to use:\n");
fgets (mech, sizeof (mech) - 1, stdin);
mech[strlen (mech) - 1] = '\0';
return mech;
}
When running this example code, it might look like in the following output.
Enter list server supported mechanisms, separate by SPC:
CRAM-MD5 DIGEST-MD5 GSSAPI FOO BAR
Library suggests use of `GSSAPI'.
Enter mechanism to use:
CRAM-MD5
Input base64 encoded data from server:
Zm5vcmQ=
Output:
amFzIDkyY2U1NWE5MTM2ZTY4NzEyMTUyZTFjYmFmNjVkZjgx
If server accepted us, we're done.
Our earlier code specified the username and password before the authentication loop, as in:
gsasl_property_set (ctx, GSASL_AUTHID, "jas");
gsasl_property_set (ctx, GSASL_PASSWORD, "secret");
This may work for simple mechanisms, that need only a username and a password. But some mechanism requires more information, such as an authorization identity, a special PIN or passcode, a realm, a hostname, a service name, or an anonymous identifier. Querying the user for all that information, without knowing exactly which of it is really needed will result in a poor user interface. The user should not have to input private information, if it isn't required.
The approach is a bad idea for another reason. What if the server aborts the authentication process? Then your application has already queried the user for a username and password. It would be better if you only asked the user for this information, annoying to input, when it is known to be needed.
A better approach to this problem is to use a callback. Then the mechanism may query your application whenever it needs some information, like the username and password. It will only do this at the precise step in the authentication when the information is actually needed. Further, if the user aborts, e.g., a password prompt, the mechanism is directly informed of this (because it invoked the callback), and could recover somehow.
Our final example (see Example 4) specifies a callback function,
inside main as below.
/* Set the callback handler for the library. */
gsasl_callback_set (ctx, callback);
The function itself is implemented as follows.
int callback (Gsasl * ctx, Gsasl_session * sctx, Gsasl_property prop)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
int rc = GSASL_NO_CALLBACK;
/* Get user info from user. */
printf ("Callback invoked, for property %d.\n", prop);
switch (prop)
{
case GSASL_PASSCODE:
printf ("Enter passcode:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
gsasl_property_set (sctx, GSASL_PASSCODE, buf);
rc = GSASL_OK;
break;
case GSASL_AUTHID:
printf ("Enter username:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
gsasl_property_set (sctx, GSASL_AUTHID, buf);
rc = GSASL_OK;
break;
default:
printf ("Unknown property! Don't worry.\n");
break;
}
return rc;
}
Again, it is bad style to use a fixed size buffer. Mmm'kay.
Which properties you should handle is up to you. If you don't know
how to respond to a certain property, simply return
GSASL_NO_CALLBACK. The basic properties to support are
authentication identity (GSASL_AUTHID), authorization identity
(GSASL_AUTHZID), and password (GSASL_PASSWORD). See
See Properties, for the list of all properties, and what your
callback should (ideally) do for them, and which properties each
mechanism require in order to work.
The library uses a concept called “properties” to request and pass
data between the application and the individual authentication
mechanisms. The application can set property values using the
gsasl_property_set function. If a mechanism needs a property
value the application has not yet provided, this is handled through a
callback. The application provides a callback, using
gsasl_callback_set, which will be invoked with a property
parameter. The callback should set the property before returning, or
fail. For more information, see See Callback Functions.
There are two kind of properties. The first, a “data property” is
the simplest to understand because it normally refers to short
strings. For example, the property called GSASL_AUTHID
correspond to the username string, e.g., simon.
The latter properties, called “logical properties”, are used by the
server to make a authentication decision, and is used as a way to get
the application callback invoked. For example, the property
GSASL_VALIDATE_SIMPLE is used by the server-side part of
mechanisms like PLAIN. The purpose is to ask the server
application to decide whether the user should be authenticated
successfully or not. The callback typically look at other property
fields, such as GSASL_AUTHID and GSASL_PASSWORD, and
compare those values with external information (for example data
stored in a database or on a LDAP server) and then return OK or not.
Warning: Don't expect that all mechanisms invoke one of the logical properties in the server mode. For example, the CRAM-MD5 and SCRAM-SHA-1 mechanisms will use the data properties (i.e., username and password) provided by the application to internally decide whether to successfully authenticate the user. User authorization decisions needs to be made by the application outside of the SASL mechanism negotiation.
The logical properties are currently only used by servers, but data properties are used by both client and servers. It makes sense to think about the latter category as ‘server properties’ but the reverse is not valid nor useful.
The semantics associated with a data property is different when it is
used in client context and in the server context. For example, in the
client context, the application is expected to set the property
GSASL_AUTHID to signal to the mechanism the username to use,
but in the server context, the GSASL_AUTHID property is set by
the mechanism and can be used by the application (in the callback) to
find out what username the client provided.
Below is a list of all properties and an explanation for each. First is the list of data properties:
GSASL_AUTHID
The authentication identity.
GSASL_AUTHZID
The authorization identity.
GSASL_PASSWORD
The password of the authentication identity.
GSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN
The anonymous token. This is typically the email address of the user.
GSASL_SERVICE
The registered GSSAPI service name of the application service, e.g. “imap”. While the names are registered for GSSAPI, other mechanisms such as DIGEST-MD5 may also use this.
GSASL_HOSTNAME
Should be the local host name of the machine.
GSASL_GSSAPI_DISPLAY_NAME
Contain the GSSAPI “display name”, set by the server GSSAPI
mechanism. Typically you retrieve this property in your callback,
when invoked for GSASL_VALIDATE_GSSAPI.
GSASL_REALM
The name of the authentication domain. This is used by several mechanisms, including DIGEST-MD5, GSS-API, KERBEROS_V5 and NTLM.
GSASL_PASSCODE
The SecurID passcode.
GSASL_PIN
The SecurID personal identification number (PIN).
GSASL_SUGGESTED_PIN
A SecurID personal identification number (PIN) suggested by the server.
GSASL_DIGEST_MD5_HASHED_PASSWORD
For the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism, this is a hashed password. It is used in servers to avoid storing clear-text credentials.
GSASL_QOPS
The DIGEST-MD5 server query for this property to get the set of
quality of protection (QOP) values to advertise. The property holds
strings with comma separated keywords denoting the set of qops to use,
for example qop-auth, qop-int. Valid keywords are
qop-auth, qop-int, and qop-conf.
GSASL_QOP
The DIGEST-MD5 client query for this property to get the quality of
protection (QOP) values to request. The property value is one of the
keywords for GSASL_QOPS. The client must chose one of the QOP
values offered by the server (which may be inspected through the
GSASL_QOPS property).
GSASL_SCRAM_SALTED_PASSWORD
The SCRAM-SHA-1 client requests this property from the application,
and the value should be 40 character long hex-encoded string with the
user's hashed password. Note that the value is different for the same
password for each value of the GSASL_SCRAM_ITER and
GSASL_SCRAM_ITER properties. The property can be used to avoid
storing a clear-text credential in the client. If the property is not
available, the client will ask for the GSASL_PASSWORD property
instead.
GSASL_SCRAM_ITER
GSASL_SCRAM_ITER
In the server, the application can set these properties to influence
the hash iteration count and hash salt to use when deriving the
password. The default hash iteration count is 4096 and normally you
should not need to use a lower setting. The salt should be a random
string. In the client, the SCRAM-SHA-1 mechanism set these properties
before asking for asking the application to provide a
GSASL_SCRAM_SALTED_PASSWORD value.
Next follows a list of data properties used to trigger the callback, typically used in servers to validate client credentials:
GSASL_VALIDATE_SIMPLE
You may retrieve GSASL_AUTHID, GSASL_AUTHZID and GSASL_PASSWORD and use them to make an authentication and authorization decision.
GSASL_VALIDATE_EXTERNAL
Used by EXTERNAL mechanism on the server side to validate the client. The GSASL_AUTHID will contain the authorization identity of the client.
GSASL_VALIDATE_ANONYMOUS
Used by ANONYMOUS mechanism on the server side to validate the client. The GSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN will contain token that identity the client.
GSASL_VALIDATE_GSSAPI
Used by the GSSAPI mechanism on the server side, to validate the client. You may retrieve the authorization identity from GSASL_AUTHZID and the GSS-API display name from GSASL_GSSAPI_DISPLAY_NAME.
GSASL_VALIDATE_SECURID
Used by SECURID mechanism on the server side to validate client. The GSASL_AUTHID, GSASL_AUTHZID, GSASL_PASSCODE, and GSASL_PIN will be set. It can return GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_ADDITIONAL_PASSCODE to ask the client to supply another passcode, and GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PIN to require the client to supply a new PIN code.
Different SASL mechanisms have different requirements on the application using it. To handle these differences the library can use a callback function into your application in several different ways. Some mechanisms, such as ‘PLAIN’, are simple to explain and use. The client callback queries the user for a username and password. The server callback hands the username and password into any local policy deciding authentication system (such as /etc/passwd via PAM).
Mechanism such as ‘CRAM-MD5’ and ‘SCRAM-SHA-1’ uses hashed passwords. The client callback behaviour is the same as for PLAIN. However, the server does not receive the plain text password over the network but rather a hash of it. Existing policy deciding systems like PAM cannot handle this, so the server callback for these mechanisms are more complicated.
Further, mechanisms like GSSAPI (Kerberos 5) assume a specific authentication system. In theory this means that the SASL library would not need to interact with the application, but rather call this specific authentication system directly. However, some callbacks are supported anyway, to modify the behaviour of how the specific authentication system is used (i.e., to handle “super-user” login as some other user).
Some mechanisms, like ‘EXTERNAL’ and ‘ANONYMOUS’ are entirely dependent on callbacks.
The EXTERNAL mechanism is used to authenticate a user to a server based on out-of-band authentication. EXTERNAL is typically used over TLS authenticated channels. Note that in the server, you need to make sure that TLS actually authenticated the client successfully. It is normally not sufficient to use TLS, since it also supports anonymous modes.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and it will send the
GSASL_AUTHZID property as the authorization name to the server,
if the property is set. If the property is not set, the empty
authorization name is sent. You need not implement a callback.
In the server, this mechanism will request the
GSASL_VALIDATE_EXTERNAL callback property to decide whether the
client is authenticated and authorized to log in. Your callback can
retrieve the GSASL_AUTHZID property to inspect the requested
authorization name from the client.
The ANONYMOUS mechanism is used to “authenticate” clients to anonymous services; or rather, just indicate that the client wishes to use the service anonymously. The client sends a token, usually her email address, which serve the purpose of some trace information suitable for log files. The token is not permitted to be empty.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and will send the
GSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN property as the trace information to the
server.
In the server, this mechanism will invoke the
GSASL_VALIDATE_ANONYMOUS callback to decide whether the client
should be permitted to log in. Your callback can retrieve the
GSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN property to, for example, save it in a
log file. The token is normally not used to decide whether the client
should be permitted to log in or not.
The PLAIN mechanism uses username and password to authenticate users. Two user names are relevant. The first, the authentication identity, indicates the credential holder, i.e., whom the provided password belongs to. The second, the authorization identity, is typically empty, to indicate that the user requests to log on to the server as herself. However, if the authorization identity is not empty, the server should decide whether the authenticated user may log on as the authorization identity. Normally, only “super-user” accounts such as ‘admin’ or similar should be allowed this.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and require the
GSASL_AUTHID and GSASL_PASSWORD properties. If set,
GSASL_AUTHZID will also be used.
In the server, the mechanism is always enabled. Two approaches to authenticate and authorize the client are provided.
In the first approach, the server side of the mechanism will request
the GSASL_VALIDATE_SIMPLE callback property to decide whether
the client should be accepted or not. The callback may inspect the
GSASL_AUTHID, GSASL_AUTHID, and GSASL_PASSWORD
properties. These property values will be normalized.
If the first approach fails (because, e.g., your callback returns
‘GSASL_NO_CALLBACK’ to signal that it does not implement
GSASL_VALIDATE_SIMPLE) the mechanism will continue to query the
application for a password, via the GSASL_PASSWORD property.
Your callback may use the GSASL_AUTHID and GSASL_AUTHZID
properties to select the proper password. The password is then
normalized and compared to the client credential.
Which approach to use? If your database stores hashed passwords, you have no option, but must use the first approach. If passwords in your user database are stored in prepared (SASLprep) form, the first approach will be faster. If you do not have prepared passwords available, you can use the second approach to make sure the password is prepared properly before comparison.
The LOGIN mechanism is a non-standard mechanism, and is similar to the PLAIN mechanism except that LOGIN lacks the support for authorization identities. Always use PLAIN instead of LOGIN in new applications.
The callback behaviour is the same as for PLAIN, except that
GSASL_AUTHZID is neither used nor required, and that the server
does not normalize the password using SASLprep.
See Use of SASLprep in LOGIN, for a proposed clarification of the interpretation of a hypothetical LOGIN specification.
The CRAM-MD5 is a widely used, but officially deprecated (apparently in favor of DIGEST-MD5), challenge-response mechanism that transfers hashed passwords instead of clear text passwords. For insecure channels (e.g., when TLS is not used), it is safer than PLAIN. The CRAM-MD5 mechanism does not support authorization identities; making the relationship between CRAM-MD5 and DIGEST-MD5 similar to the relationship between LOGIN and PLAIN.
The disadvantage with hashed passwords is that the server cannot use normal authentication infrastructures such as PAM, because the server must have access to the correct password in order to validate an authentication attempt.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and it requires the
GSASL_AUTHID and GSASL_PASSWORD properties.
In the server, the mechanism will require the GSASL_PASSWORD
callback property, which may use the GSASL_AUTHID property to
determine which users' password should be used. The
GSASL_AUTHID will be in normalized form. The server will then
normalize the returned password, and compare the client response with
the computed correct response, and accept the user accordingly.
See Use of SASLprep in CRAM-MD5, for a clarification on the interpretation of the CRAM-MD5 specification that this implementation rely on.
The DIGEST-MD5 mechanism is based on repeated hashing using MD5, which after the MD5 break may be argued to be weaker than HMAC-MD5, but supports more features. For example, authorization identities and data integrity and privacy protection are supported. Like CRAM-MD5, only a hashed password is transferred. Consequently, DIGEST-MD5 needs access to the correct password (although it may be hashed, another improvement compared to CRAM-MD5) to verify the client response. Alas, this makes it impossible to use, e.g., PAM on the server side.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and it requires the
GSASL_AUTHID, GSASL_PASSWORD, GSASL_SERVICE, and
GSASL_HOSTNAME properties. If set, GSASL_AUTHZID and
GSASL_REALM will also be used.
In the server, the mechanism will first request the
GSASL_DIGEST_MD5_HASHED_PASSWORD callback property to get the
user's hashed password. If the callback doesn't supply a hashed
password, the GSASL_PASSWORD callback property will be
requested. Both callbacks may use the GSASL_AUTHID,
GSASL_AUTHZID and GSASL_REALM properties to determine
which users' password should be used. The server will then compare
the client response with a computed correct response, and accept the
user accordingly.
The server uses the GSASL_QOPS callback to get the set of
quality of protection values to use. By default, it advertises
support for authentication (qop-auth) only. You can use the
callback, for example, to make the server advertise support for
authentication with integrity layers.
The client uses the GSASL_QOP callback to get the quality of
protection value to request. The client must choose one of the QOP
values offered by the server (which may be inspected through the
GSASL_QOPS property). If the client does not return a value,
qop-auth is used by default.
The SCRAM-SHA-1 mechanism is designed to provide (almost) the same capabilities as CRAM-MD5 and DIGEST-MD5 but use modern cryptographic techniques such as HMAC-SHA-1 and PKCS#5 PBKDF2. SCRAM-SHA-1 supports authorization identities. Like CRAM-MD5 and DIGEST-MD5, only a hashed password is transferred. Consequently, SCRAM-SHA-1 needs access to the correct password to verify the client response.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and it requires the
GSASL_AUTHID property, and either GSASL_PASSWORD or
GSASL_SCRAM_SALTED_PASSWORD. If set, GSASL_AUTHZID will
be used by the client. To be able to return the proper
GSASL_SCRAM_SALTED_PASSWORD value, the client needs to check
the GSASL_SCRAM_ITER and GSASL_SCRAM_SALT values which
are available when the GSASL_SCRAM_SALTED_PASSWORD property is
queried for.
In the server, the mechanism will require the GSASL_PASSWORD
callback property, which may use the GSASL_AUTHID property to
determine which users' password should be used. The
GSASL_AUTHID will be in normalized form. The server will then
normalize the returned password, and compare the client response with
the computed correct response, and accept the user accordingly. The
server may also set the GSASL_SCRAM_ITER and
GSASL_SCRAM_SALT properties to influence the values to be used
by clients to derive a key from a password.
Currently channel bindings are not supported, so there is no support for SCRAM-SHA-1-PLUS.
The NTLM is a non-standard mechanism. Do not use it in new applications, and do not expect it to be secure. Currently only the client side is supported.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and it requires the
GSASL_AUTHID and GSASL_PASSWORD properties. It will set
the ‘domain’ field in the NTLM request to the value of
GSASL_REALM. Some servers reportedly need non-empty but
arbitrary values in that field.
The SECURID mechanism uses authentication and authorization identity together with a passcode from a hardware token to authenticate users.
In the client, this mechanism is always enabled, and it requires the
GSASL_AUTHID and GSASL_PASSCODE properties. If set,
GSASL_AUTHZID will also be used. If the server requests it,
the GSASL_PIN property is also required, and its callback may
inspect the GSASL_SUGGESTED_PIN property to discover a
server-provided PIN to use.
In the server, this mechanism will invoke the
GSASL_VALIDATE_SECURID callback. The callback may inspect the
GSASL_AUTHID, GSASL_AUTHZID, and GSASL_PASSCODE
properties. The callback can return
GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_ADDITIONAL_PASSCODE to ask for
another additional passcode from the client. The callback can return
GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PIN to ask for a new PIN code
from the client, in which case it may also set the
GSASL_SUGGESTED_PIN property to indicate a recommended new PIN.
If the callbacks is invoked again, after having returned
GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PIN, it may also inspect the
GSASL_PIN property, in addition to the other properties, to
find out the client selected PIN code.
GSS-API is a framework, similar to SASL, for authentication. The GSSAPI mechanism only supports the Kerberos 5 GSS-API mechanism, though. (A new SASL mechanism to support non-Kerberos 5 GSS-API mechanisms may be supported in the future.)
In the client, the mechanism is enabled only if the user has acquired
credentials (i.e., a ticket granting ticket), and it requires the
GSASL_AUTHID, GSASL_SERVICE, and GSASL_HOSTNAME
properties.
In the server, the mechanism requires the GSASL_SERVICE and
GSASL_HOSTNAME properties, and it will invoke the
GSASL_VALIDATE_GSSAPI callback property in order to validate
the user. The callback may inspect the GSASL_AUTHZID and
GSASL_GSSAPI_DISPLAY_NAME properties to decide whether to
authorize the user. Note that authentication is performed by the
GSS-API library.
XXX: explain more about quality of service, maximum buffer size, etc.
The KERBEROS_V5 is an experimental mechanism, the protocol specification is available on the GNU SASL homepage. It can operate in three modes, non-infrastructure mode, infrastructure mode and proxied infrastructure mode. Currently only non-infrastructure mode is supported.
In the non-infrastructure mode, it works as a superset of most features provided by PLAIN, CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5 and GSSAPI while at the same time building on what is believed to be proven technology (the RFC 1510 network security system). In the non-infrastructure mode, the client must specify (via callbacks) the name of the user, and optionally the server name and realm. The server must be able to retrieve passwords given the name of the user.
In the infrastructure mode (proxied or otherwise), it allows clients and servers to authenticate via SASL in an RFC 1510 environment, using a trusted third party, a “Key Distribution Central”. In the normal mode, clients acquire tickets out of band and then invokes a one roundtrip AP-REQ and AP-REP exchange. In the proxied mode, which can be used by clients without IP addresses or without connectivity to the KDC (e.g., when the KDC is IPv4 and the client is IPV6-only), the client uses the server to proxy ticket requests and finishes with the AP-REQ/AP-REP exchange. In infrastructure mode (proxied or otherwise), neither the client nor server need to implement any callbacks (this will likely change later, to allow a server to authorize users, similar to the GSSAPI callback).
XXX: update when implementation has matured
ctx: pointer to libgsasl handle.
This functions initializes libgsasl. The handle pointed to by ctx is valid for use with other libgsasl functions iff this function is successful. It also register all builtin SASL mechanisms, using
gsasl_register().Return value: GSASL_OK iff successful, otherwise
GSASL_MALLOC_ERROR.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
This function destroys a libgsasl handle. The handle must not be used with other libgsasl functions after this call.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: newly allocated output character array.
Return a newly allocated string containing SASL names, separated by space, of mechanisms supported by the libgsasl client.
outis allocated by this function, and it is the responsibility of caller to deallocate it.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif successful, or error code.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: newly allocated output character array.
Return a newly allocated string containing SASL names, separated by space, of mechanisms supported by the libgsasl server.
outis allocated by this function, and it is the responsibility of caller to deallocate it.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif successful, or error code.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
name: name of SASL mechanism.
Decide whether there is client-side support for a specified mechanism.
Return value: Returns 1 if the libgsasl client supports the named mechanism, otherwise 0.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
name: name of SASL mechanism.
Decide whether there is server-side support for a specified mechanism.
Return value: Returns 1 if the libgsasl server supports the named mechanism, otherwise 0.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
mechlist: input character array with SASL mechanism names, separated by invalid characters (e.g. SPC).
Given a list of mechanisms, suggest which to use.
Return value: Returns name of "best" SASL mechanism supported by the libgsasl client which is present in the input string, or
NULLif no supported mechanism is found.
ctx: pointer to libgsasl handle.
mech: plugin structure with information about plugin.
This function initialize given mechanism, and if successful, add it to the list of plugins that is used by the library.
Return value:
GSASL_OKiff successful, otherwiseGSASL_MALLOC_ERROR.Since: 0.2.0
The callback is used by mechanisms to retrieve information, such as
username and password, from the application. In a server, the
callback is used to decide whether a user is permitted to log in or
not. You tell the library of your callback function by calling
gsasl_callback_set.
Since your callback may need access to data from other parts of your
application, there are hooks to store and retrieve application
specific pointers. This avoids the use of global variables, which
wouldn't be thread safe. You store a pointer to some information
(opaque from the point of view of the library) by calling
gsasl_callback_hook_set and can later retrieve this data in
your callback by calling gsasl_callback_hook_get.
ctx: handle received from
gsasl_init().cb: pointer to function implemented by application.
Store the pointer to the application provided callback in the library handle. The callback will be used, via
gsasl_callback(), by mechanisms to discover various parameters (such as username and passwords). The callback function will be called with a Gsasl_property value indicating the requested behaviour. For example, forGSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN, the function is expected to invoke gsasl_property_set(CTX,GSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN, "token") where "token" is the anonymous token the application wishes the SASL mechanism to use. See the manual for the meaning of all parameters.Since: 0.2.0
ctx: handle received from
gsasl_init(), may beNULLto derive it fromsctx.sctx: session handle.
prop: enumerated value of Gsasl_property type.
Invoke the application callback. The
propvalue indicate what the callback is expected to do. For example, forGSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN, the function is expected to invoke gsasl_property_set(SCTX,GSASL_ANONYMOUS_TOKEN, "token") where "token" is the anonymous token the application wishes the SASL mechanism to use. See the manual for the meaning of all parameters.Note that if no callback has been set by the application, but the obsolete callback interface has been used, this function will translate the old callback interface into the new. This interface should be sufficient to invoke all callbacks, both new and old.
Return value: Returns whatever the application callback return, or
GSASL_NO_CALLBACKif no application was known.Since: 0.2.0
ctx: libgsasl handle.
hook: opaque pointer to application specific data.
Store application specific data in the libgsasl handle.
The application data can be later (for instance, inside a callback) be retrieved by calling
gsasl_callback_hook_get(). This is normally used by the application to maintain a global state between the main program and callbacks.Since: 0.2.0
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Retrieve application specific data from libgsasl handle.
The application data is set using
gsasl_callback_hook_set(). This is normally used by the application to maintain a global state between the main program and callbacks.Return value: Returns the application specific data, or
NULL.Since: 0.2.0
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
hook: opaque pointer to application specific data.
Store application specific data in the libgsasl session handle.
The application data can be later (for instance, inside a callback) be retrieved by calling
gsasl_session_hook_get(). This is normally used by the application to maintain a per-session state between the main program and callbacks.Since: 0.2.14
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
Retrieve application specific data from libgsasl session handle.
The application data is set using
gsasl_callback_hook_set(). This is normally used by the application to maintain a per-session state between the main program and callbacks.Return value: Returns the application specific data, or
NULL.Since: 0.2.14
sctx: session handle.
prop: enumerated value of Gsasl_property type, indicating the type of data in
data.data: zero terminated character string to store.
Make a copy of
dataand store it in the session handle for the indicated propertyprop.You can immediately deallocate
dataafter calling this function, without affecting the data stored in the session handle.Since: 0.2.0
sctx: session handle.
prop: enumerated value of Gsasl_property type, indicating the type of data in
data.data: character string to store.
len: length of character string to store.
Make a copy of
lensizeddataand store a zero terminated version of it in the session handle for the indicated propertyprop.You can immediately deallocate
dataafter calling this function, without affecting the data stored in the session handle.Except for the length indicator, this function is identical to gsasl_property_set.
Since: 0.2.0
sctx: session handle.
prop: enumerated value of Gsasl_property type, indicating the type of data in
data.Retrieve the data stored in the session handle for given property
prop.The pointer is to live data, and must not be deallocated or modified in any way.
This function will not invoke the application callback.
Return value: Return property value, if known, or
NULLif no value known.Since: 0.2.0
sctx: session handle.
prop: enumerated value of Gsasl_property type, indicating the type of data in
data.Retrieve the data stored in the session handle for given property
prop, possibly invoking the application callback to get the value.The pointer is to live data, and must not be deallocated or modified in any way.
This function will invoke the application callback, using
gsasl_callback(), when a property value is not known.If no value is known, and no callback is specified or if the callback fail to return data, and if any obsolete callback functions has been set by the application, this function will try to call these obsolete callbacks, and store the returned data as the corresponding property. This behaviour of this function will be removed when the obsolete callback interfaces are removed.
Return value: Return data for property, or
NULLif no value known.Since: 0.2.0
ctx: libgsasl handle.
mech: name of SASL mechanism.
sctx: pointer to client handle.
This functions initiates a client SASL authentication. This function must be called before any other gsasl_client_*() function is called.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif successful, or error code.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
mech: name of SASL mechanism.
sctx: pointer to server handle.
This functions initiates a server SASL authentication. This function must be called before any other gsasl_server_*() function is called.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif successful, or error code.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: newly allocated output byte array.
output_len: pointer to output variable with size of output byte array.
Perform one step of SASL authentication. This reads data from the other end (from
inputandinput_len), processes it (potentially invoking callbacks to the application), and writes data to server (into newly allocated variableoutputandoutput_lenthat indicate the length ofoutput).The contents of the
outputbuffer is unspecified if this functions returns anything other thanGSASL_OKorGSASL_NEEDS_MORE. If this function returnGSASL_OKorGSASL_NEEDS_MORE, however, theoutputbuffer is allocated by this function, and it is the responsibility of caller to deallocate it by calling free (output).Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif authenticated terminated successfully,GSASL_NEEDS_MOREif more data is needed, or error code.
sctx: libgsasl client handle.
b64input: input base64 encoded byte array.
b64output: newly allocated output base64 encoded byte array.
This is a simple wrapper around
gsasl_step()that base64 decodes the input and base64 encodes the output.The contents of the
b64outputbuffer is unspecified if this functions returns anything other thanGSASL_OKorGSASL_NEEDS_MORE. If this function returnGSASL_OKorGSASL_NEEDS_MORE, however, theb64outputbuffer is allocated by this function, and it is the responsibility of caller to deallocate it by calling free (b64output).Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif authenticated terminated successfully,GSASL_NEEDS_MOREif more data is needed, or error code.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
Destroy a libgsasl client or server handle. The handle must not be used with other libgsasl functions after this call.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: newly allocated output byte array.
output_len: size of output byte array.
Encode data according to negotiated SASL mechanism. This might mean that data is integrity or privacy protected.
The
outputbuffer is allocated by this function, and it is the responsibility of caller to deallocate it by calling free(output).Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif encoding was successful, otherwise an error code.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: newly allocated output byte array.
output_len: size of output byte array.
Decode data according to negotiated SASL mechanism. This might mean that data is integrity or privacy protected.
The
outputbuffer is allocated by this function, and it is the responsibility of caller to deallocate it by calling free(output).Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif encoding was successful, otherwise an error code.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
This function returns the name of the SASL mechanism used in the session.
Return value: Returns a zero terminated character array with the name of the SASL mechanism, or
NULLif not known.Since: 0.2.28
in: a UTF-8 encoded string.
flags: any SASLprep flag, e.g.,
GSASL_ALLOW_UNASSIGNED.out: on exit, contains newly allocated output string.
stringpreprc: if non-NULL, will hold precise stringprep return code.
Prepare string using SASLprep. On success, the
outvariable must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKon success, orGSASL_SASLPREP_ERRORon error.Since: 0.2.3
in: input byte array
inlen: size of input byte array
out: pointer to newly allocated output byte array
outlen: pointer to size of newly allocated output byte array
Encode data as base64. The string is zero terminated, and
outlenholds the length excluding the terminating zero. Theoutbuffer must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKon success, orGSASL_MALLOC_ERRORif input was too large or memory allocation fail.Since: 0.2.2
in: input byte array
inlen: size of input byte array
out: pointer to newly allocated output byte array
outlen: pointer to size of newly allocated output byte array
Decode Base64 data. The
outbuffer must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKon success,GSASL_BASE64_ERRORif input was invalid, andGSASL_MALLOC_ERRORon memory allocation errors.Since: 0.2.2
filename: filename of file containing passwords.
username: username string.
key: newly allocated output character array.
Retrieve password for user from specified file. The buffer
keycontain the password if this function is successful. The caller is responsible for deallocating it.The file should be on the UoW "MD5 Based Authentication" format, which means it is in text format with comments denoted by # first on the line, with user entries looking as "usernameTABpassword". This function removes CR and LF at the end of lines before processing. TAB, CR, and LF denote ASCII values 9, 13, and 10, respectively.
Return value: Return
GSASL_OKif output buffer contains the password,GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERRORif the user could not be found, or other error code.
data: output array to be filled with unpredictable random data.
datalen: size of output array.
Store unpredictable data of given size in the provided buffer.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.
data: output array to be filled with strong random data.
datalen: size of output array.
Store cryptographically strong random data of given size in the provided buffer.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.
in: input character array of data to hash.
inlen: length of input character array of data to hash.
Compute hash of data using MD5. The
outbuffer must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.
key: input character array with key to use.
keylen: length of input character array with key to use.
in: input character array of data to hash.
inlen: length of input character array of data to hash.
Compute keyed checksum of data using HMAC-MD5. The
outhashbuffer must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.
in: input character array of data to hash.
inlen: length of input character array of data to hash.
Compute hash of data using SHA1. The
outbuffer must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.Since: 1.3
key: input character array with key to use.
keylen: length of input character array with key to use.
in: input character array of data to hash.
inlen: length of input character array of data to hash.
Compute keyed checksum of data using HMAC-SHA1. The
outhashbuffer must be deallocated by the caller.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.Since: 1.3
ptr: memory pointer
Invoke free(
ptr) to de-allocate memory pointer. Typically used on strings allocated by other libgsasl functions.This is useful on Windows where libgsasl is linked to one CRT and the application is linked to another CRT. Then malloc/free will not use the same heap. This happens if you build libgsasl using mingw32 and the application with Visual Studio.
Since: 0.2.19
Most functions in the GNU SASL Library return an error if they fail. For this reason, the application should always catch the error condition and take appropriate measures, for example by releasing the resources and passing the error up to the caller, or by displaying a descriptive message to the user and cancelling the operation.
Some error values do not indicate a system error or an error in the operation, but the result of an operation that failed properly.
Errors are returned as int values.
The value of the symbol GSASL_OK is guaranteed to always be
0, and all other error codes are guaranteed to be non-0,
so you may use that information to build boolean expressions involving
return codes. Otherwise, an application should not depend on the
particular value for error codes, and are encouraged to use the
constants even for GSASL_OK to improve readability. Possible
values are:
GSASL_OKGSASL_NEEDS_MOREGSASL_UNKNOWN_MECHANISMGSASL_MECHANISM_CALLED_TOO_MANY_TIMESGSASL_TOO_SMALL_BUFFERGSASL_FOPEN_ERRORGSASL_FCLOSE_ERRORGSASL_MALLOC_ERRORGSASL_BASE64_ERRORGSASL_CRYPTO_ERRORGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_ANONYMOUS_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_PASSWORD_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_PASSCODE_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_PIN_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_AUTHORIZATION_ID_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION_ID_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_CLIENT_SERVICE_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_VALIDATE_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_CRAM_MD5_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_DIGEST_MD5_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_EXTERNAL_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_ANONYMOUS_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_REALM_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_SECURID_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_SERVICE_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_GSSAPI_CALLBACKGSASL_NEED_SERVER_RETRIEVE_CALLBACKGSASL_UNICODE_NORMALIZATION_ERRORGSASL_SASLPREP_ERRORGSASL_MECHANISM_PARSE_ERRORGSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERRORGSASL_CANNOT_GET_CTXGSASL_INTEGRITY_ERRORGSASL_NO_MORE_REALMSGSASL_NO_CLIENT_CODEGSASL_NO_SERVER_CODEGSASL_GSSAPI_RELEASE_BUFFER_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_IMPORT_NAME_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_INIT_SEC_CONTEXT_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_ACCEPT_SEC_CONTEXT_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_UNWRAP_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_WRAP_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_ACQUIRE_CRED_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_DISPLAY_NAME_ERRORGSASL_GSSAPI_UNSUPPORTED_PROTECTION_ERRORGSASL_KERBEROS_V5_INIT_ERRORGSASL_KERBEROS_V5_INTERNAL_ERRORGSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_ADDITIONAL_PASSCODEGSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PINGSASL_INVALID_HANDLEGSASL_NO_CALLBACKGSASL_NO_ANONYMOUS_TOKENGSASL_NO_AUTHIDGSASL_NO_AUTHZIDGSASL_NO_PASSWORDGSASL_NO_PASSCODEGSASL_NO_PINGSASL_NO_SERVICEGSASL_NO_HOSTNAMEerr: libgsasl error code
Convert return code to human readable string explanation of the reason for the particular error code.
This string can be used to output a diagnostic message to the user.
This function is one of few in the library that can be used without a successful call to
gsasl_init().Return value: Returns a pointer to a statically allocated string containing an explanation of the error code
err.
err: libgsasl error code
Convert return code to human readable string representing the error code symbol itself. For example, gsasl_strerror_name(
GSASL_OK) returns the string "GSASL_OK".This string can be used to output a diagnostic message to the user.
This function is one of few in the library that can be used without a successful call to
gsasl_init().Return value: Returns a pointer to a statically allocated string containing a string version of the error code
err, orNULLif the error code is not known.Since: 0.2.29
This chapter contains example code which illustrates how the GNU SASL Library can be used when writing your own application.
/* client.c --- Example SASL client.
* Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Simon Josefsson
*
* This file is part of GNU SASL.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
*/
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <gsasl.h>
static void
client_authenticate (Gsasl_session * session)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
char *p;
int rc;
/* This loop mimics a protocol where the client send data first. */
do
{
/* Generate client output. */
rc = gsasl_step64 (session, buf, &p);
if (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE || rc == GSASL_OK)
{
/* If sucessful, print it. */
printf ("Output:\n%s\n", p);
free (p);
}
if (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE)
{
/* If the client need more data from server, get it here. */
printf ("Input base64 encoded data from server:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
if (buf[strlen (buf) - 1] == '\n')
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
}
}
while (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE);
printf ("\n");
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Authentication error (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* The client is done. Here you would typically check if the server
let the client in. If not, you could try again. */
printf ("If server accepted us, we're done.\n");
}
static void
client (Gsasl * ctx)
{
Gsasl_session *session;
const char *mech = "PLAIN";
int rc;
/* Create new authentication session. */
if ((rc = gsasl_client_start (ctx, mech, &session)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize client (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* Set username and password in session handle. This info will be
lost when this session is deallocated below. */
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_AUTHID, "jas");
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_PASSWORD, "secret");
/* Do it. */
client_authenticate (session);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_finish (session);
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
/* Initialize library. */
if ((rc = gsasl_init (&ctx)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize libgsasl (%d): %s", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
/* Do it. */
client (ctx);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_done (ctx);
return 0;
}
/* client-serverfirst.c --- Example SASL client, where server send data first.
* Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Simon Josefsson
*
* This file is part of GNU SASL.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
*/
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <gsasl.h>
static void
client_authenticate (Gsasl_session * session)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
char *p;
int rc;
/* This loop mimics a protocol where the server send data first. */
do
{
printf ("Input base64 encoded data from server:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
if (buf[strlen (buf) - 1] == '\n')
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
rc = gsasl_step64 (session, buf, &p);
if (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE || rc == GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Output:\n%s\n", p);
free (p);
}
}
while (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE);
printf ("\n");
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Authentication error (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* The client is done. Here you would typically check if the server
let the client in. If not, you could try again. */
printf ("If server accepted us, we're done.\n");
}
static void
client (Gsasl * ctx)
{
Gsasl_session *session;
const char *mech = "CRAM-MD5";
int rc;
/* Create new authentication session. */
if ((rc = gsasl_client_start (ctx, mech, &session)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize client (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* Set username and password in session handle. This info will be
lost when this session is deallocated below. */
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_AUTHID, "jas");
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_PASSWORD, "secret");
/* Do it. */
client_authenticate (session);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_finish (session);
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
/* Initialize library. */
if ((rc = gsasl_init (&ctx)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize libgsasl (%d): %s", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
/* Do it. */
client (ctx);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_done (ctx);
return 0;
}
/* client-mech.c --- Example SASL client, with a choice of mechanism to use.
* Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Simon Josefsson
*
* This file is part of GNU SASL.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
*/
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <gsasl.h>
static void
client_authenticate (Gsasl_session * session)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
char *p;
int rc;
/* This loop mimics a protocol where the server send data first. */
do
{
printf ("Input base64 encoded data from server:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
if (buf[strlen (buf) - 1] == '\n')
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
rc = gsasl_step64 (session, buf, &p);
if (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE || rc == GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Output:\n%s\n", p);
free (p);
}
}
while (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE);
printf ("\n");
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Authentication error (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* The client is done. Here you would typically check if the server
let the client in. If not, you could try again. */
printf ("If server accepted us, we're done.\n");
}
static const char *
client_mechanism (Gsasl * ctx)
{
static char mech[GSASL_MAX_MECHANISM_SIZE + 1] = "";
char mechlist[BUFSIZ] = "";
const char *suggestion;
printf ("Enter list of server supported mechanisms, separate by SPC:\n");
fgets (mechlist, sizeof (mechlist) - 1, stdin);
suggestion = gsasl_client_suggest_mechanism (ctx, mechlist);
if (suggestion)
printf ("Library suggests use of `%s'.\n", suggestion);
printf ("Enter mechanism to use:\n");
fgets (mech, sizeof (mech) - 1, stdin);
mech[strlen (mech) - 1] = '\0';
return mech;
}
static void
client (Gsasl * ctx)
{
Gsasl_session *session;
const char *mech;
int rc;
/* Find out which mechanism to use. */
mech = client_mechanism (ctx);
/* Create new authentication session. */
if ((rc = gsasl_client_start (ctx, mech, &session)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize client (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* Set username and password in session handle. This info will be
lost when this session is deallocated below. */
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_AUTHID, "jas");
gsasl_property_set (session, GSASL_PASSWORD, "secret");
/* Do it. */
client_authenticate (session);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_finish (session);
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
/* Initialize library. */
if ((rc = gsasl_init (&ctx)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize libgsasl (%d): %s", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
/* Do it. */
client (ctx);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_done (ctx);
return 0;
}
/* client-callback.c --- Example SASL client, with callback for user info.
* Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Simon Josefsson
*
* This file is part of GNU SASL.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
*/
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <gsasl.h>
static void
client_authenticate (Gsasl_session * session)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
char *p;
int rc;
/* This loop mimics a protocol where the server send data first. */
do
{
printf ("Input base64 encoded data from server:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
if (buf[strlen (buf) - 1] == '\n')
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
rc = gsasl_step64 (session, buf, &p);
if (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE || rc == GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Output:\n%s\n", p);
free (p);
}
}
while (rc == GSASL_NEEDS_MORE);
printf ("\n");
if (rc != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Authentication error (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* The client is done. Here you would typically check if the server
let the client in. If not, you could try again. */
printf ("If server accepted us, we're done.\n");
}
static void
client (Gsasl * ctx)
{
Gsasl_session *session;
const char *mech = "SECURID";
int rc;
/* Create new authentication session. */
if ((rc = gsasl_client_start (ctx, mech, &session)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize client (%d): %s\n", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return;
}
/* Do it. */
client_authenticate (session);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_finish (session);
}
static int
callback (Gsasl * ctx, Gsasl_session * sctx, Gsasl_property prop)
{
char buf[BUFSIZ] = "";
int rc = GSASL_NO_CALLBACK;
/* Get user info from user. */
printf ("Callback invoked, for property %d.\n", prop);
switch (prop)
{
case GSASL_PASSCODE:
printf ("Enter passcode:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
gsasl_property_set (sctx, GSASL_PASSCODE, buf);
rc = GSASL_OK;
break;
case GSASL_AUTHID:
printf ("Enter username:\n");
fgets (buf, sizeof (buf) - 1, stdin);
buf[strlen (buf) - 1] = '\0';
gsasl_property_set (sctx, GSASL_AUTHID, buf);
rc = GSASL_OK;
break;
default:
printf ("Unknown property! Don't worry.\n");
break;
}
return rc;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
Gsasl *ctx = NULL;
int rc;
/* Initialize library. */
if ((rc = gsasl_init (&ctx)) != GSASL_OK)
{
printf ("Cannot initialize libgsasl (%d): %s", rc, gsasl_strerror (rc));
return 1;
}
/* Set the callback handler for the library. */
gsasl_callback_set (ctx, callback);
/* Do it. */
client (ctx);
/* Cleanup. */
gsasl_done (ctx);
return 0;
}
The makefiles, manuals, etc borrowed much from Libgcrypt written by Werner Koch.
Cryptographic functions for some SASL mechanisms uses Libgcrypt by Werner Koch et al. The NTLM mechanism uses Libntlm by Grant Edwards et al, using code from Samba written by Andrew Tridgell, and now maintained by Simon Josefsson. The KERBEROS_V5 mechanism uses Shishi by Simon Josefsson. The GSSAPI mechanism uses a GSS-API implementation, such as GSSLib by Simon Josefsson.
Gnulib is used to simplify portability.
This manual borrows text from the SASL specification.
GNU SASL (gsasl) – Command line interface to libgsasl.
gsasl is the main program of GNU SASL.
This section only lists the commands and options available.
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional for any corresponding short options.
gsasl recognizes these commands:
-c, --client Act as client (the default).
--client-mechanisms Write name of supported client mechanisms
separated by space to stdout.
-s, --server Act as server.
--server-mechanisms Write name of supported server mechanisms
separated by space to stdout.
Normally the SASL negotiation is performed on the terminal, with reading from stdin and writing to stdout. It is also possible to perform the negotiation with a server over a TCP network connection.
--connect=HOSTNAME[:SERVICE]
Connect to TCP server and negotiate on stream
instead of stdin/stdout. SERVICE is the protocol
service, or an integer denoting the port, and
defaults to 143 (imap) if not specified. Also sets
the --hostname default.
These parameters affect overall behaviour.
-d, --application-data After authentication, read data from stdin and run
it through the mechanism's security layer and
print it base64 encoded to stdout. The default is
to terminate after authentication.
--imap Use a IMAP-like logon procedure (client only).
Also sets the --service default to "imap".
-m, --mechanism=STRING Mechanism to use.
--no-client-first Disallow client to send data first (client only).
These options modify the behaviour of the callbacks (see Callback Functions) in the library. The default is to query the user on the terminal.
-n, --anonymous-token=STRING Token for anonymous authentication, usually
mail address (ANONYMOUS only).
-a, --authentication-id=STRING Identity of credential owner.
-z, --authorization-id=STRING Identity to request service for.
--disable-cleartext-validate
Disable cleartext validate hook, forcing server to
prompt for password.
--enable-cram-md5-validate Validate CRAM-MD5 challenge and response
interactively.
--hostname=STRING Set the name of the server with the requested
service.
-p, --password=STRING Password for authentication (insecure for
non-testing purposes).
--passcode=NUMBER Passcode for authentication (SECURID only).
--quality-of-protection=<qop-auth | qop-int | qop-conf>
How application payload will be protected.
"qop-auth" means no protection,
"qop-int" means integrity protection,
"qop-conf" means confidentiality.
Currently only used by DIGEST-MD5, where the
default is "qop-int".
-r, --realm=STRING Realm. Defaults to hostname.
--service=STRING Set the requested service name (should be a
registered GSSAPI host based service name).
--service-name=STRING Set the generic server name in case of a
replicated server (DIGEST-MD5 only).
-x, --maxbuf=NUMBER Indicate maximum buffer size (DIGEST-MD5 only).
--starttls Force use of STARTTLS. The default is to use
STARTTLS when available. (default=off)
--no-starttls Unconditionally disable STARTTLS.
(default=off)
--x509-ca-file=FILE File containing one or more X.509 Certificate
Authorities certificates in PEM format, used
to verify the certificate received from the
server. If not specified, no verification of
the remote server certificate will be done.
--x509-cert-file=FILE File containing client X.509 certificate in PEM
format. Used together with --x509-key-file
to specify the certificate/key pair.
--x509-key-file=FILE Private key for the client X.509 certificate in
PEM format. Used together with
--x509-key-file to specify the
certificate/key pair.
--priority Cipher priority string.
These are some standard parameters.
-q, --quiet, --silent Don't produce any diagnostic output.
-v, --verbose Produce verbose output.
-?, --help Give this help list
--usage Give a short usage message
-V, --version Print program version
This appendix contains clarifications to various SASL specification that we felt were necessary to include, if for nothing else it may serve as a guide for other implementers that worry about the same issues.
The specification, as of draft-ietf-sasl-crammd5-04.txt, is silent on whether a SASL server implementation applying SASLprep on a password received from an external, non-SASL specific database (i.e., the passwords are not stored in SASLprep form in the database), should set or clear the AllowUnassigned bit. The motivation for the AU-bit in StringPrep/SASLprep is for stored vs query strings. It could be argued that in this situation the server can treat the external password either as a stored string (from a database) or as a query (the server uses the string as a query into the fixed HMAC-MD5 hash).
The specification is also unclear on whether clients should set or clear the AllowUnassigned flag.
In the server, GNU SASL applies SASLprep to the password with the AllowUnassigned bit cleared.
The non-standard mechanism LOGIN presumably does not support non-ASCII. We suggest that the client should send unprepared UTF-8 and that the server apply SASLprep with the AllowUnassigned bit cleared on the received username and password.
As GNU SASL is still under heavy development, some API functions have been found to be less useful. Those old API functions will be supported during a transition period. Refer to the NEWS file to find out since when a function has been deprecated.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output character array.
outlen: input maximum size of output character array, on output contains actual length of output array.
Write SASL names, separated by space, of mechanisms supported by the libgsasl client to the output array. To find out how large the output array must be, call this function with a
NULLoutparameter.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif successful, or error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_client_mechlist()instead.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output character array.
outlen: input maximum size of output character array, on output contains actual length of output array.
Write SASL names, separated by space, of mechanisms supported by the libgsasl server to the output array. To find out how large the output array must be, call this function with a
NULLoutparameter.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif successful, or error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_server_mechlist()instead.
sctx: libgsasl client handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: output byte array.
output_len: size of output byte array.
Perform one step of SASL authentication in client. This reads data from server (specified with input and input_len), processes it (potentially invoking callbacks to the application), and writes data to server (into variables output and output_len).
The contents of the output buffer is unspecified if this functions returns anything other than
GSASL_NEEDS_MORE.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif authenticated terminated successfully,GSASL_NEEDS_MOREif more data is needed, or error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_step()instead.
sctx: libgsasl server handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: output byte array.
output_len: size of output byte array.
Perform one step of SASL authentication in server. This reads data from client (specified with input and input_len), processes it (potentially invoking callbacks to the application), and writes data to client (into variables output and output_len).
The contents of the output buffer is unspecified if this functions returns anything other than
GSASL_NEEDS_MORE.Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif authenticated terminated successfully,GSASL_NEEDS_MOREif more data is needed, or error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_step()instead.
sctx: libgsasl client handle.
b64input: input base64 encoded byte array.
b64output: output base64 encoded byte array.
b64output_len: size of output base64 encoded byte array.
This is a simple wrapper around
gsasl_client_step()that base64 decodes the input and base64 encodes the output.Return value: See
gsasl_client_step().Deprecated: Use
gsasl_step64()instead.
sctx: libgsasl server handle.
b64input: input base64 encoded byte array.
b64output: output base64 encoded byte array.
b64output_len: size of output base64 encoded byte array.
This is a simple wrapper around
gsasl_server_step()that base64 decodes the input and base64 encodes the output.Return value: See
gsasl_server_step().Deprecated: Use
gsasl_step64()instead.
sctx: libgsasl client handle.
Destroy a libgsasl client handle. The handle must not be used with other libgsasl functions after this call.
Deprecated: Use
gsasl_finish()instead.
sctx: libgsasl server handle.
Destroy a libgsasl server handle. The handle must not be used with other libgsasl functions after this call.
Deprecated: Use
gsasl_finish()instead.
sctx: libgsasl client handle
Get the libgsasl handle given a libgsasl client handle.
Return value: Returns the libgsasl handle given a libgsasl client handle.
Deprecated: This function is not useful with the new 0.2.0 API.
sctx: libgsasl client handle.
application_data: opaque pointer to application specific data.
Store application specific data in the libgsasl client handle. The application data can be later (for instance, inside a callback) be retrieved by calling
gsasl_client_application_data_get(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_set()orgsasl_session_hook_set()instead.
sctx: libgsasl client handle.
Retrieve application specific data from libgsasl client handle. The application data is set using
gsasl_client_application_data_set(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Return value: Returns the application specific data, or
NULL.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_get()orgsasl_session_hook_get()instead.
sctx: libgsasl server handle
Get the libgsasl handle given a libgsasl server handle.
Return value: Returns the libgsasl handle given a libgsasl server handle.
Deprecated: This function is not useful with the new 0.2.0 API.
sctx: libgsasl server handle.
application_data: opaque pointer to application specific data.
Store application specific data in the libgsasl server handle. The application data can be later (for instance, inside a callback) be retrieved by calling
gsasl_server_application_data_get(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_set()orgsasl_session_hook_set()instead.
sctx: libgsasl server handle.
Retrieve application specific data from libgsasl server handle. The application data is set using
gsasl_server_application_data_set(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Return value: Returns the application specific data, or
NULL.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_get()orgsasl_session_hook_get()instead.
strong: 0 iff operation should not block, non-0 for very strong randomness.
data: output array to be filled with random data.
datalen: size of output array.
Store cryptographically random data of given size in the provided buffer.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKiff successful.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_random()orgsasl_nonce()instead.
sctx: libgsasl session handle
Get the libgsasl handle given a libgsasl session handle.
Return value: Returns the libgsasl handle given a libgsasl session handle.
Deprecated: This function is not useful with the new 0.2.0 API.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: output byte array.
output_len: size of output byte array.
Encode data according to negotiated SASL mechanism. This might mean that data is integrity or privacy protected.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif encoding was successful, otherwise an error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_encode()instead.Since: 0.2.0
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
input: input byte array.
input_len: size of input byte array.
output: output byte array.
output_len: size of output byte array.
Decode data according to negotiated SASL mechanism. This might mean that data is integrity or privacy protected.
Return value: Returns
GSASL_OKif encoding was successful, otherwise an error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_decode()instead.Since: 0.2.0
ctx: libgsasl handle.
appdata: opaque pointer to application specific data.
Store application specific data in the libgsasl handle. The application data can be later (for instance, inside a callback) be retrieved by calling
gsasl_application_data_get(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_set()instead.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Retrieve application specific data from libgsasl handle. The application data is set using
gsasl_application_data_set(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Return value: Returns the application specific data, or
NULL.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_get()instead.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
appdata: opaque pointer to application specific data.
Store application specific data in the libgsasl session handle. The application data can be later (for instance, inside a callback) be retrieved by calling
gsasl_appinfo_get(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_set()instead.
sctx: libgsasl session handle.
Retrieve application specific data from libgsasl session handle. The application data is set using
gsasl_appinfo_set(). It is normally used by the application to maintain state between the main program and the callback.Return value: Returns the application specific data, or
NULL.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_callback_hook_get()instead.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
mechlist: input character array with SASL mechanism names, separated by invalid characters (e.g. SPC).
Get name of "best" SASL mechanism supported by the libgsasl server which is present in the input string.
Return value: Returns name of "best" SASL mechanism supported by the libgsasl server which is present in the input string.
Deprecated: This function was never useful, since it is the client that chose which mechanism to use.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to set the authentication identity. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_authentication_id_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_authentication_id_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_authentication_id_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to set the authorization identity. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_authorization_id_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_authorization_id_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_authorization_id_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to set the password. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_password_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_password_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_password_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to set the passcode. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_passcode_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_passcode_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_passcode_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to chose a new pin, possibly suggested by the server, for the SECURID mechanism. This is not normally invoked, but only when the server requests it. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_pin_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_pin_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_pin_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to set the name of the service. The service buffer should be a registered GSSAPI host-based service name, hostname the name of the server. Servicename is used by DIGEST-MD5 and should be the name of generic server in case of a replicated service. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_service_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_service_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_service_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to set the anonymous token, which usually is the users email address. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_anonymous_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_anonymous_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_anonymous_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to determine the qop to use after looking at what the server offered. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_qop_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_qop_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_qop_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to inform the server of the largest buffer the client is able to receive when using the DIGEST-MD5 "auth-int" or "auth-conf" Quality of Protection (qop). If this directive is missing, the default value 65536 will be assumed. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_maxbuf_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_maxbuf_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_maxbuf_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the client to know which realm it belongs to. The realm is used by the server to determine which username and password to use. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_client_callback_realm_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_realm_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_client_callback_realm_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for deciding if user is authenticated using authentication identity, authorization identity and password. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_validate_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_validate_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_validate_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for deciding if user is authenticated using authentication identity, authorization identity and password. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_retrieve_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_retrieve_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_retrieve_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for deciding if user is authenticated using CRAM-MD5 challenge and response. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_cram_md5_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_cram_md5_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_cram_md5_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for retrieving the secret hash of the username, realm and password for use in the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_digest_md5_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_digest_md5_set().Return value: Return the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_digest_md5_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for deciding if user is authenticated out of band. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_external_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_external_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_external_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for deciding if user is permitted anonymous access. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_anonymous_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_anonymous_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_anonymous_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server to know which realm it serves. The realm is used by the user to determine which username and password to use. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_realm_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_realm_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_realm_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server to know which quality of protection it accepts. The quality of protection eventually used is selected by the client though. It is currently used by the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_qop_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_qop_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_qop_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server to inform the client of the largest buffer the server is able to receive when using the DIGEST-MD5 "auth-int" or "auth-conf" Quality of Protection (qop). If this directive is missing, the default value 65536 will be assumed. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_maxbuf_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_maxbuf_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_maxbuf_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server to inform the client of the cipher suites supported. The DES and 3DES ciphers must be supported for interoperability. It is currently used by the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_cipher_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_cipher_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_cipher_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for validating a user via the SECURID mechanism. The function should return GSASL_OK if user authenticated successfully, GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_ADDITIONAL_PASSCODE if it wants another passcode, GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PIN if it wants a PIN change, or an error. When (and only when) GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PIN is returned, suggestpin can be populated with a PIN code the server suggests, and suggestpinlen set to the length of the PIN. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_securid_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_securid_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_securid_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server for checking if a GSSAPI user is authorized for username (by, e.g., calling
krb5_userok()). The function should return GSASL_OK if the user should be permitted access, or an error code such as GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR on failure. The function can be later retrieved usinggsasl_server_callback_gssapi_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_gssapi_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_gssapi_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
cb: callback function
Specify the callback function to use in the server to set the name of the service. The service buffer should be a registered GSSAPI host-based service name, hostname the name of the server. The function can be later retrieved using
gsasl_server_callback_service_get().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Get the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_service_set().Return value: Returns the callback earlier set by calling
gsasl_server_callback_service_set().Deprecated: This function is part of the old callback interface. The new interface uses
gsasl_callback_set()to set the application callback, and usesgsasl_callback()orgsasl_property_get()to invoke the callback for certain properties.
in: a UTF-8 encoded string.
len: length of
str, in bytes, or -1 ifstris nul-terminated.Converts a string into canonical form, standardizing such issues as whether a character with an accent is represented as a base character and combining accent or as a single precomposed character.
The normalization mode is NFKC (ALL COMPOSE). It standardizes differences that do not affect the text content, such as the above-mentioned accent representation. It standardizes the "compatibility" characters in Unicode, such as SUPERSCRIPT THREE to the standard forms (in this case DIGIT THREE). Formatting information may be lost but for most text operations such characters should be considered the same. It returns a result with composed forms rather than a maximally decomposed form.
Return value: Return a newly allocated string, that is the NFKC normalized form of
str, oNULLon error.Deprecated: No replacement functionality in GNU SASL, use GNU Libidn instead. Note that in SASL, you most likely want to use SASLprep and not bare NFKC, see
gsasl_saslprep().
in: input ASCII or UTF-8 string with data to prepare according to SASLprep.
stringprep_rc: pointer to output variable with stringprep error code, or
NULLto indicate that you don't care about it.Process a Unicode string for comparison, according to the "SASLprep" stringprep profile. This function is intended to be used by Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) mechanisms (such as PLAIN, CRAM-MD5, and DIGEST-MD5) as well as other protocols exchanging user names and/or passwords.
Return value: Return a newly allocated string that is the "SASLprep" processed form of the input string, or
NULLon error, in which casestringprep_rccontain the stringprep library error code.Deprecated: Use
gsasl_saslprep()instead.
in: input ASCII or UTF-8 string with data to prepare according to "trace".
stringprep_rc: pointer to output variable with stringprep error code, or
NULLto indicate that you don't care about it.Process a Unicode string for use as trace information, according to the "trace" stringprep profile. The profile is designed for use with the SASL ANONYMOUS Mechanism.
Return value: Return a newly allocated string that is the "trace" processed form of the input string, or
NULLon error, in which casestringprep_rccontain the stringprep library error code.Deprecated: No replacement functionality in GNU SASL, use GNU Libidn instead.
filename: filename of file containing passwords.
username: username string.
key: output character array.
keylen: input maximum size of output character array, on output contains actual length of output array.
Retrieve password for user from specified file. To find out how large the output array must be, call this function with out=NULL.
The file should be on the UoW "MD5 Based Authentication" format, which means it is in text format with comments denoted by # first on the line, with user entries looking as "usernameTABpassword". This function removes CR and LF at the end of lines before processing. TAB, CR, and LF denote ASCII values 9, 13, and 10, respectively.
Return value: Return GSASL_OK if output buffer contains the password, GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR if the user could not be found, or other error code.
Deprecated: Use
gsasl_simple_getpass()instead.
src: input byte array
srclength: size of input byte array
target: output byte array
targsize: size of output byte array
Encode data as base64. Converts characters, three at a time, starting at src into four base64 characters in the target area until the entire input buffer is encoded.
Return value: Returns the number of data bytes stored at the target, or -1 on error.
Deprecated: Use
gsasl_base64_to()instead.
src: input byte array
target: output byte array
targsize: size of output byte array
Decode Base64 data. Skips all whitespace anywhere. Converts characters, four at a time, starting at (or after) src from Base64 numbers into three 8 bit bytes in the target area.
Return value: Returns the number of data bytes stored at the target, or -1 on error.
Deprecated: Use
gsasl_base64_from()instead.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output array with client token.
outlen: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should populate the output array with some input from the user and set the output array length, and return
GSASL_OK, or fail with an error code.If OUT is NULL, the function should only populate the output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
ctx: output array with client token.
ctx: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array. If OUT is
Type of callback function the application implements. It should return
GSASL_OKif user should be permitted anonymous access, otherwiseGSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output array with authentication identity.
outlen: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should populate the output array with authentiction identity of user and set the output array length, and return
GSASL_OK, or fail with an error code. The authentication identity must be encoded in UTF-8, but need not be normalized in any way.If OUT is NULL, the function should only populate the output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output array with authorization identity.
outlen: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should populate the output array with authorization identity of user and set the output array length, and return
GSASL_OK, or fail with an error code. The authorization identity must be encoded in UTF-8, but need not be normalized in any way.If OUT is NULL, the function should only populate the output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
service: output array with name of service.
servicelen: on input the maximum size of the service output array, on output contains the actual size of the service output array.
hostname: output array with hostname of server.
hostnamelen: on input the maximum size of the hostname output array, on output contains the actual size of the hostname output array.
servicename: output array with generic name of server in case of replication (DIGEST-MD5 only).
servicenamelen: on input the maximum size of the servicename output array, on output contains the actual size of the servicename output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should retrieve the service (which should be a registered GSSAPI host based service name, such as “imap”) on the server, hostname of server (usually canoncial DNS hostname) and optionally generic service name of server in case of replication (e.g. “mail.example.org” when the hostname is “mx42.example.org”, see the RFC 2831 for more information). It should return GSASL_OK, or an error such as GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR if it fails.
If SERVICE, HOSTNAME or SERVICENAME is NULL, the function should only populate SERVICELEN, HOSTNAMELEN or SERVICENAMELEN with the output length of the respective field, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size. Furthermore, SERVICENAMELEN may also be NULL, indicating that the mechanism is not interested in this field.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
username: input array with username.
challenge: input array with CRAM-MD5 challenge.
response: input array with CRAM-MD5 response.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should return GSASL_OK if and only if the validation of the provided credential was succesful. GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR is a good failure if authentication failed, but any available return code may be used.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
username: input array with authentication identity of user.
realm: input array with realm of user.
secrethash: output array that should contain hash of username, realm and password as described for the DIGEST-MD5 mechanism.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should retrieve the secret hash for the given user in given realm and return GSASL_OK, or an error such as GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR if it fails. The secrethash buffer is guaranteed to have size for the fixed length MD5 hash.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should return
GSASL_OKif user is authenticated by out of band means, otherwiseGSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
clientname: input array with GSSAPI client name.
authentication_id: input array with authentication identity.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should return GSASL_OK if and only if the GSSAPI user is authorized to log on as the given authentication_id. GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR is a good failure if authentication failed, but any available return code may be used. This callback is usually implemented in the application as a call to krb5_kuserok(), such as:
int callback_gssapi (Gsasl_session_ctx *ctx, char *clientname, char *authentication_id) { int rc = GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR; krb5_principal p; krb5_context kcontext; krb5_init_context (&kcontext); if (krb5_parse_name (kcontext, clientname, &p) != 0) return -1; if (krb5_kuserok (kcontext, p, authentication_id)) rc = GSASL_OK; krb5_free_principal (kcontext, p); return rc; }
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output array with passcode.
outlen: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should populate the output array with passcode of user and set the output array length, and return
GSASL_OK, or fail with an error code.If OUT is NULL, the function should only populate the output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
out: output array with password.
outlen: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should populate the output array with password of user and set the output array length, and return
GSASL_OK, or fail with an error code. The password must be encoded in UTF-8, but need not be normalized in any way.If OUT is NULL, the function should only populate the output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
authentication_id: input array with authentication identity.
authorization_id: input array with authorization identity, or NULL.
realm: input array with realm of user, or NULL.
key: output array with key for authentication identity.
keylen: on input the maximum size of the key output array, on output contains the actual size of the key output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should retrieve the password for the indicated user and return GSASL_OK, or an error code such as GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR. The key must be encoded in UTF-8, but need not be normalized in any way.
If KEY is NULL, the function should only populate the KEYLEN output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
authorization_id: input array with authorization identity.
authentication_id: input array with authentication identity.
passcode: input array with passcode.
pin: input array with new pin (this may be NULL).
suggestpin: output array with new suggested PIN.
suggestpinlen: on input the maximum size of the output array, on output contains the actual size of the output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should return GSASL_OK if and only if the validation of the provided credential was succesful. GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR is a good failure if authentication failed, but any available return code may be used.
Two SECURID specific error codes also exists. The function can return GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_ADDITIONAL_PASSCODE to request that the client generate a new passcode. It can also return GSASL_SECURID_SERVER_NEED_NEW_PIN to request that the client generate a new PIN. If the server wishes to suggest a new PIN it can populate the SUGGESTPIN field.
If SUGGESTPIN is NULL, the function should only populate the output length field with the length, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
service: output array with name of service.
servicelen: on input the maximum size of the service output array, on output contains the actual size of the service output array.
hostname: output array with hostname of server.
hostnamelen: on input the maximum size of the hostname output array, on output contains the actual size of the hostname output array.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should retrieve the service (which should be a registered GSSAPI host based service name, such as “imap”) the server provides and hostname of server (usually canoncial DNS hostname). It should return GSASL_OK, or an error such as GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR if it fails.
If SERVICE or HOSTNAME is NULL, the function should only populate SERVICELEN or HOSTNAMELEN with the output length of the respective field, and return GSASL_OK. This usage may be used by the caller to allocate the proper buffer size.
ctx: libgsasl handle.
authorization_id: input array with authorization identity.
authentication_id: input array with authentication identity.
password: input array with password.
Type of callback function the application implements. It should return GSASL_OK if and only if the validation of the provided credential was succesful. GSASL_AUTHENTICATION_ERROR is a good failure if authentication failed, but any available return code may be used.
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
http://fsf.org/
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ascii without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
Copyright © 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
[This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL. It also counts
as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
version number 2.1.]
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to make sure the software is free for all its users.
This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some specially designated software—typically libraries—of the Free Software Foundation and other authors who decide to use it. You can use it too, but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this license or the ordinary General Public License is the better strategy to use in any particular case, based on the explanations below.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom of use, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish); that you receive source code or can get it if you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you are informed that you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid distributors to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender these rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the library or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave you. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. If you link other code with the library, you must provide complete object files to the recipients, so that they can relink them with the library after making changes to the library and recompiling it. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with a two-step method: (1) we copyright the library, and (2) we offer you this license, which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
To protect each distributor, we want to make it very clear that there is no warranty for the free library. Also, if the library is modified by someone else and passed on, the recipients should know that what they have is not the original version, so that the original author's reputation will not be affected by problems that might be introduced by others.
Finally, software patents pose a constant threat to the existence of any free program. We wish to make sure that a company cannot effectively restrict the users of a free program by obtaining a restrictive license from a patent holder. Therefore, we insist that any patent license obtained for a version of the library must be consistent with the full freedom of use specified in this license.
Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the ordinary GNU General Public License. This license, the GNU Lesser General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries, and is quite different from the ordinary General Public License. We use this license for certain libraries in order to permit linking those libraries into non-free programs.
When a program is linked with a library, whether statically or using a shared library, the combination of the two is legally speaking a combined work, a derivative of the original library. The ordinary General Public License therefore permits such linking only if the entire combination fits its criteria of freedom. The Lesser General Public License permits more lax criteria for linking other code with the library.
We call this license the Lesser General Public License because it does Less to protect the user's freedom than the ordinary General Public License. It also provides other free software developers Less of an advantage over competing non-free programs. These disadvantages are the reason we use the ordinary General Public License for many libraries. However, the Lesser license provides advantages in certain special circumstances.
For example, on rare occasions, there may be a special need to encourage the widest possible use of a certain library, so that it becomes a de-facto standard. To achieve this, non-free programs must be allowed to use the library. A more frequent case is that a free library does the same job as widely used non-free libraries. In this case, there is little to gain by limiting the free library to free software only, so we use the Lesser General Public License.
In other cases, permission to use a particular library in non-free programs enables a greater number of people to use a large body of free software. For example, permission to use the GNU C Library in non-free programs enables many more people to use the whole GNU operating system, as well as its variant, the GNU/Linux operating system.
Although the Lesser General Public License is Less protective of the users' freedom, it does ensure that the user of a program that is linked with the Library has the freedom and the wherewithal to run that program using a modified version of the Library.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. Pay close attention to the difference between a “work based on the library” and a “work that uses the library”. The former contains code derived from the library, whereas the latter must be combined with the library in order to run.
A “library” means a collection of software functions and/or data prepared so as to be conveniently linked with application programs (which use some of those functions and data) to form executables.
The “Library”, below, refers to any such software library or work which has been distributed under these terms. A “work based on the Library” means either the Library or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Library or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated straightforwardly into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term “modification”.)
“Source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For a library, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the library.
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running a program using the Library is not restricted, and output from such a program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Library (independent of the use of the Library in a tool for writing it). Whether that is true depends on what the Library does and what the program that uses the Library does.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
(For example, a function in a library to compute square roots has a purpose that is entirely well-defined independent of the application. Therefore, Subsection 2d requires that any application-supplied function or table used by this function must be optional: if the application does not supply it, the square root function must still compute square roots.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Library, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Library, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Library.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Library with the Library (or with a work based on the Library) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
Once this change is made in a given copy, it is irreversible for that copy, so the ordinary GNU General Public License applies to all subsequent copies and derivative works made from that copy.
This option is useful when you wish to copy part of the code of the Library into a program that is not a library.
If distribution of object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place satisfies the requirement to distribute the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
However, linking a “work that uses the Library” with the Library creates an executable that is a derivative of the Library (because it contains portions of the Library), rather than a “work that uses the library”. The executable is therefore covered by this License. Section 6 states terms for distribution of such executables.
When a “work that uses the Library” uses material from a header file that is part of the Library, the object code for the work may be a derivative work of the Library even though the source code is not. Whether this is true is especially significant if the work can be linked without the Library, or if the work is itself a library. The threshold for this to be true is not precisely defined by law.
If such an object file uses only numerical parameters, data structure layouts and accessors, and small macros and small inline functions (ten lines or less in length), then the use of the object file is unrestricted, regardless of whether it is legally a derivative work. (Executables containing this object code plus portions of the Library will still fall under Section 6.)
Otherwise, if the work is a derivative of the Library, you may distribute the object code for the work under the terms of Section 6. Any executables containing that work also fall under Section 6, whether or not they are linked directly with the Library itself.
You must give prominent notice with each copy of the work that the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this License. You must supply a copy of this License. If the work during execution displays copyright notices, you must include the copyright notice for the Library among them, as well as a reference directing the user to the copy of this License. Also, you must do one of these things:
For an executable, the required form of the “work that uses the Library” must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the executable from it. However, as a special exception, the materials to be distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
It may happen that this requirement contradicts the license restrictions of other proprietary libraries that do not normally accompany the operating system. Such a contradiction means you cannot use both them and the Library together in an executable that you distribute.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply, and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library does not specify a license version number, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, we recommend making it free software that everyone can redistribute and change. You can do so by permitting redistribution under these terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the ordinary General Public License).
To apply these terms, attach the following notices to the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the library's name and an idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) year name of author
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the library, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the library
`Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker.
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1990
Ty Coon, President of Vice
That's all there is to it!
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.
The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions.
Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents. States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
“This License” refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
“Copyright” also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of works, such as semiconductor masks.
“The Program” refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this License. Each licensee is addressed as “you”. “Licensees” and “recipients” may be individuals or organizations.
To “modify” a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an exact copy. The resulting work is called a “modified version” of the earlier work or a work “based on” the earlier work.
A “covered work” means either the unmodified Program or a work based on the Program.
To “propagate” a work means to do anything with it that, without permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution (with or without modification), making available to the public, and in some countries other activities as well.
To “convey” a work means any kind of propagation that enables other parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.
An interactive user interface displays “Appropriate Legal Notices” to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
The “source code” for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. “Object code” means any non-source form of a work.
A “Standard Interface” means an interface that either is an official standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that is widely used among developers working in that language.
The “System Libraries” of an executable work include anything, other than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an implementation is available to the public in source code form. A “Major Component”, in this context, means a major essential component (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
The “Corresponding Source” for a work in object code form means all the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to control those activities. However, it does not include the work's System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source includes interface definition files associated with source files for the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those subprograms and other parts of the work.
The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding Source.
The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same work.
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 makes it unnecessary.
No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such measures.
When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of technological measures.
You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; keep intact all notices stating that this License and any non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the aggregate.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included in conveying the object code work.
A “User Product” is either (1) a “consumer product”, which means any tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.
“Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modification has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM).
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and protocols for communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying.
“Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply either way.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same material under section 10.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.
A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) year name of author
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.
(: Old Functionsgsasl: Invoking gsaslgsasl_appinfo_get: Old Functionsgsasl_appinfo_set: Old Functionsgsasl_application_data_get: Old Functionsgsasl_application_data_set: Old Functionsgsasl_base64_decode: Old Functionsgsasl_base64_encode: Old Functionsgsasl_base64_from: Utilitiesgsasl_base64_to: Utilitiesgsasl_callback: Callback Functionsgsasl_callback_hook_get: Callback Functionsgsasl_callback_hook_set: Callback Functionsgsasl_callback_set: Callback Functionsgsasl_check_version: Version Checkgsasl_client_application_data_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_application_data_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_anonymous_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_anonymous_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_authentication_id_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_authentication_id_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_authorization_id_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_authorization_id_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_maxbuf_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_maxbuf_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_passcode_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_passcode_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_password_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_password_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_pin_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_pin_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_qop_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_qop_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_realm_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_realm_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_service_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_callback_service_set: Old Functionsgsasl_client_ctx_get: Old Functionsgsasl_client_finish: Old Functionsgsasl_client_listmech: Old Functionsgsasl_client_mechlist: Global Functionsgsasl_client_start: Session Functionsgsasl_client_step: Old Functionsgsasl_client_step_base64: Old Functionsgsasl_client_suggest_mechanism: Global Functionsgsasl_client_support_p: Global Functionsgsasl_ctx_get: Old Functionsgsasl_decode: Session Functionsgsasl_decode_inline: Old Functionsgsasl_done: Global Functionsgsasl_encode: Session Functionsgsasl_encode_inline: Old Functionsgsasl_finish: Session Functionsgsasl_free: Memory Handlinggsasl_hmac_md5: Utilitiesgsasl_hmac_sha1: Utilitiesgsasl_init: Global Functionsgsasl_md5: Utilitiesgsasl_md5pwd_get_password: Old Functionsgsasl_mechanism_name: Session Functionsgsasl_nonce: Utilitiesgsasl_property_fast: Property Functionsgsasl_property_get: Property Functionsgsasl_property_set: Property Functionsgsasl_property_set_raw: Property Functionsgsasl_random: Utilitiesgsasl_randomize: Old Functionsgsasl_register: Global Functionsgsasl_saslprep: Utilitiesgsasl_server_application_data_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_application_data_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_anonymous_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_anonymous_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_cipher_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_cipher_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_cram_md5_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_cram_md5_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_digest_md5_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_digest_md5_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_external_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_external_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_gssapi_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_gssapi_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_maxbuf_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_maxbuf_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_qop_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_qop_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_realm_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_realm_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_retrieve_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_retrieve_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_securid_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_securid_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_service_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_service_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_validate_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_callback_validate_set: Old Functionsgsasl_server_ctx_get: Old Functionsgsasl_server_finish: Old Functionsgsasl_server_listmech: Old Functionsgsasl_server_mechlist: Global Functionsgsasl_server_start: Session Functionsgsasl_server_step: Old Functionsgsasl_server_step_base64: Old Functionsgsasl_server_suggest_mechanism: Old Functionsgsasl_server_support_p: Global Functionsgsasl_session_hook_get: Callback Functionsgsasl_session_hook_set: Callback Functionsgsasl_sha1: Utilitiesgsasl_simple_getpass: Utilitiesgsasl_step: Session Functionsgsasl_step64: Session Functionsgsasl_strerror: Error stringsgsasl_strerror_name: Error stringsgsasl_stringprep_nfkc: Old Functionsgsasl_stringprep_saslprep: Old Functionsgsasl_stringprep_trace: Old Functions[1] Note that GNU SASL normally use its own internal implementation of the cryptographic functions. Take care to verify that GNU SASL really use Libgcrypt, if this is what you want.